aramis erak
Legend
Pitch came from multiple sources - some places, it's made from melting down dried tree sap. In others, it's made by collecting tar from a local tar pit. (Tar pits are a natural phenomenon where petrochemicals seep to the surface.)
Most Oils come from plants (especially olives and nuts) being pressed. Grape seeds were commonly available wherever wine was made, and make a decent cooking oil.
The bulk of the rest of the oils were made by rendering fats or by collecting oily secretions (usually by collecting full glands). Cetacean mammals are a major source. Whale oil from the Sperm Whale was a common machine oil in the 16th to 19th C. Seal Oil is used in food preservation and as lamp oil by the Inupiaq, Yupic, and Inuit peoples (in the US, commonly jointly called Eskimos); it's also useful in softening tanned leather, but smells pretty bad. Rendered whale fat and pig fat can be used to make tallow. (Whale ribs make decent construction materials, too. Longhouses with a roof of moss over whale leather over whalebone were made by the wood-poor Yupiq, Aleut, and Alutiiq peoples.) Shark, Cod, and other oily fish have body parts that can be readily rendered for significant qualities of oils.
In a few places, tar was rendered for oils. Heat it up in a still, and collect and cool the vapors to get a decent kerosene.
Most Oils come from plants (especially olives and nuts) being pressed. Grape seeds were commonly available wherever wine was made, and make a decent cooking oil.
The bulk of the rest of the oils were made by rendering fats or by collecting oily secretions (usually by collecting full glands). Cetacean mammals are a major source. Whale oil from the Sperm Whale was a common machine oil in the 16th to 19th C. Seal Oil is used in food preservation and as lamp oil by the Inupiaq, Yupic, and Inuit peoples (in the US, commonly jointly called Eskimos); it's also useful in softening tanned leather, but smells pretty bad. Rendered whale fat and pig fat can be used to make tallow. (Whale ribs make decent construction materials, too. Longhouses with a roof of moss over whale leather over whalebone were made by the wood-poor Yupiq, Aleut, and Alutiiq peoples.) Shark, Cod, and other oily fish have body parts that can be readily rendered for significant qualities of oils.
In a few places, tar was rendered for oils. Heat it up in a still, and collect and cool the vapors to get a decent kerosene.
