No, wearing armor does not have any effect on ranged weapons if you have the proper feat. THe Armor Check Penalty is applied to all attacks if you do not have the proper feat.
And for the record, as Crothian neglected to specify (bad Crothian! No donut!), the appropriate feats are the 'Armor Proficiency' feats. So, for example, a Rogue who fails to spend a slot on Armor Proficiency (Medium) will suffer a -5 penalty to all attack rolls (melee or ranged) when wearing chain mail.