In Homeric Greek, the term
"dmos" (δμώς) is employed to describe individuals who are slaves or servants, often captured in war or under the authority of a household. This word comes from the verb
"damao," meaning "to tame" or "to subdue," emphasizing the idea of someone who has been brought under control rather than the later connotations of servitude implied by "doulos". Examples in the
Iliad and
Odyssey include references to δμώεσσι (dat. pl.) and δμωή, indicating slaves or household servants
.The term
"doulos" (δοῦλος), by contrast, appears in later Greek, including biblical texts, and carries the meaning of a bond-servant or someone bound in service, often with a moral or spiritual dimension, as in the New Testament where Paul refers to himself as a "doulos of Christ"
ministryvoice.com+1. This word was not part of the Homeric lexicon and does not appear in the
Iliad or
Odyssey.
In summary, while both "dmos" and "doulos" refer to servitude,
Homer exclusively uses "dmos", reflecting the social and martial context of his epics, whereas "doulos" emerges later in Greek literature and religious texts to convey both literal and figurative servitude.