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<blockquote data-quote="Yaarel" data-source="post: 7500394" data-attributes="member: 58172"><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Yeah, in addition to the high quality Norse steel of the Viking Period, there is also ... crazy good steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">I actually tried to post about this crazy good steel earlier, but the post ended up asking more questions than providing useful information. Currently, archeologists dispute the origins and techniques for this exceptional steel. <span style="font-size: 10px">Some assume it is steel made by the ‘crucible’ technique, but possibly it isnt. </span>The evidence is spotty, surprisingly conflictive, and involves far-flung locations. At this time, conflictive hypotheses are all plausible.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Here are facts that I am aware of so far.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">During the Viking Period, crazy good steel becomes known in Nordic countries, mostly Norway. This advanced steel is created by some archeologically unconfirmed technique. It is comparable to the modern steel that only becomes common centuries later, during the industrial revolution in the 1800s.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">As far as is known, this crazy good steel only corresponds to sword blades that exhibit a distinctive logo, inscribed and inlaid with iron across the fuller of the blade, outward from near the hilt. This logo must be exactly:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"><strong>+VLFBERH+T</strong></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">The second cross must be before the final T. The name Ulfberht is Frankish, and the letters are in the Latin alphabet. Only this logo has the exceptional steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">For example, there are also blades with a similar logo, <strong><span style="font-size: 9px">+VLFBERHT+</span></strong> , and these are also high quality steel blades, but not the crazy good steel. There are also many blades with various garbled versions of this logo (for example, <strong><span style="font-size: 9px">+VI┐ IFR I + ┴</span></strong> ), whose steel is terrible. So, including the mimics, the ulfberht-related blades are both the best blades and the worst blades possible.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10px">[ATTACH]101823[/ATTACH]</p></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10px"></p><p></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">The crazy good steel is possible because some technique allows high temperatures that make the iron ‘hypereutectoid’ integrating more than 0.8% carbon. At this minute amount, the carbon allows the iron to form very hard microscopic structures. Later quenching can make these structures even several times harder. Genuine ulfberht blades have over 1.0% carbon, tending to range from 1.2% to 1.6%. The carbon percentage tends to be variegated, often with sharp edges higher and body lower, thus the percentages represent an average from several locations on the blade. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Surviving today, there are roughly 170 blades with some kind of ulfberht inscription, depending on where the threshold for ‘ulfberht-like’ is that one wishes to include.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Of these 170 or so ulfberht-related blades, about 50 have the relevant <strong><span style="font-size: 9px">+VLFBERH+T</span></strong> logo. But only 14 of these have undergone metallurgical analysis.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Of these 14 </span><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"><strong><span style="font-size: 9px">+VLFBERH+T</span></strong></span> blades, only 9 are the crazy good steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Crazy good steel is rare.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Of these 9 crazy good steel blades, 4 of them are in today Norway. Some are a local type.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Here is an image of a Norwegian style sword (Petersen hilt type H) with one of the ulfbe<span style="font-size: 10px">r</span>ht inscriptions.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10px">[ATTACH]101782[/ATTACH]</p></span></p><p style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10px"></p><p></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">The remaining Non-Norwegian 5 of the 9 locate as follows.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• 1 comes from the southern coast of Finland, along the Swedish viking river routes.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• 1 is from a ‘private collection’, meaning, grave-robbers have destroyed the vital scientific data.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• 2 come from the German area of the Danish Peninsula.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• 1 comes from the Frankish borders of the Rhine River, near the western border of today Germany.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">It is possible that all 14 blades had their steel created using the same technique, but if so, only 9 of these were successful. But even among these 9, one was hard but too brittle and broke, and one was damaged by later forging at temperatures that were too high. The crazy good steel must be forged at lower-than-traditional temperature, or else it looses the carbon that makes it special.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">So out of these rarefied 9 swords with crazy good steel, we have the following facts.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">All of them that archeologists are currently aware of carry the <span style="font-size: 9px"><strong>+VLFBERH+T</strong></span> logo.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">The name Ulfberht is a Frankish name, in the Frankish dialect relating to Old High German. The inscription is in Latin. Probably, a Frankish man named Ulfberht originated the tradition of producing this special steel sword.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">At least the <span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"><strong>+VLFBERH+T</strong></span> </span>sword that was found in Frankish territory of the Rhine River, was probably created locally. The hilt includes parts that are made out of a lead-tin alloy, and this lead comes from a nearby local source, as evidenced by the distinctive isotopes of this lead. The hilt type is a local Frankish design.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Even more significantly, the special steel of the blade itself has high levels of the trace mineral manganese, which is common in Europe. In other words, this advanced steel probably comes from Europe, not Asia.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">The <span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 9px"><strong>+VLFBERH+T</strong></span> swords and the mimics come from the 800s to the 1000s. Therefore, people have been creating ulfberht swords for over 200 years. Even if the originator was named Ulfberht, there are many people across the centuries who are using his logo.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">Different kinds of sword types (Petersen hilt type H, X, etcetera) are made out of this advanced steel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">It seems, at least one of these metalworkers that learned the ulfberht technique, migrated to Norway and produced swords there out of this advanced steel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">Note, it is uncertain if the persons who are making the ulfberht blades are the same persons who are creating the advanced steel.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span>Before the ulfberht swords, the only known archeological source for advanced steel is ‘wootz’. Only English calls this steel wootz, apparently deriving from ‘ukku’. It only comes from India.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">Around the 500s, southern India invented crucible steel, which English calls wootz steel. The ‘crucible’ is a clay container that is sealed air-tight. Inside this crucible, they add high quality iron ore (magnetite), plus coal, plus a certain local species of leaves. For some reason, these leaves are essential for the successful outcome of the steel bloom. The entire crucible heats in a furnace for several hours and cools slowly. Despite the fact this heat cannot melt iron, it is hot enough to melt the steel iron-carbon alloy. In other words, the outer surface of the iron that comes into contact with the carbon smoke, turns into steel and melts away, thus eventually all of the iron dissolves into steel. India is the absolute master of the metallurgical technology for producing steel. This secret Indian technique was carefully guarded.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">Southern India exported bars of this crucible steel, namely wootz, across Asia, to Persia, to Bagdad, to China, and elsewhere. It reaches Persia by the sea traderoutes. Also Persia resells it across its own traderoutes. In Syria, metalworkers import wootz ultimately from India in order to create their distinctive damascus steel blades. These blades have an esthetic ‘watery’ pattern. Somewhat resembling pattern-welding, the damascus pattern looks like a water surface of light and dark. The technique to make damascus steel has been lost. But apparently the wootz itself lacks this watery pattern, and it is the process of forging the steel blade that somehow creates this watery pattern. There are metalworkers today who claim to have rediscovered how to reproduce damascus steel, but there is no scientific verification of these claims, as far as I am aware.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Hypothetically, the Swedish vikings transported this Indian wootz from Persia via the river routes, thru the Volga River in today Russia. This correlates with the existence of an ulfberht sword in Finland, as well the ulfberht-like swords in Finland, Estonia, and Russia. However, none of the advanced steel has been found in Sweden, which is explainable but still frustrating if the Swedish vikings are supposed to be the ones who are transporting this wootz steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">According to this hypothesis, ulfberht swords are made out of the same wootz that damascus swords are made out. But the ulfberht swords lack the watery pattern because they are made according to a different forging process after the wootz arrives.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">There is a related hypothesis. The crucible steel for the ulfberht swords is thought to be made in or near Bagdad, not in India. There is textual evidence that alchemists in the Bagdad caliphate (Serkland) developed their own version of crucible steel. In this non-Indian technique, they mixed ‘hard iron’ and ‘soft iron’ in a crucible with coal. Today metallurgists guess that this ‘hard iron’ might be cast iron. Cast iron is something like crucible steel that was left too long in the furnace and got too much carbon, over 2.0%, thus became useless for making steel blades. Cast iron is harder than low-carbon iron, but is very brittle, and cannot be additionally hardened by quenching. With this hypothesis, the ulfberht blades are made out of this ‘Serkland’ version of crucible steel that ameliorates the cast iron with low-carbon iron in a crucible. If so, the Swedish vikings are transporting this Bagdad steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">These two hypotheses that involve the viking river traderoutes still enjoy currency among archeologists.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">But recent evidence suggests the advanced steel of the ulfberht blades comes from Europe − not Asia, neither India nor Bagdad. Namely the presence of manganese in the special steel of at least one of the blades.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">Here are my guesses on the topic of ulfberht.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• In the 700s, a Frankish man named Ulfberht, or his descendant, discovered some kind of technique to make advanced steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• Probably Ulfberht lives in Frankish territory, but possibly he immigrated northward to the German area of the Danish Peninsula.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">• Maybe he somehow learned his steel-making technique abroad, or else he independently discovered it.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span>• His technique may or may not use a ‘crucible’. Perhaps a variant furnace achieves similar results.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• His technique is patchy − sharp edges tend to be super hard steel but the body is often more normalish good steel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• He used this advanced steel to make sword blades. He made both the high-carbon steel and its blades.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• He made lots of money selling his famous ulfberht swords.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• Ulfberht and his family − and eventually his descendants and their friends − learned this technique.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• He people in diverse locations are making ulfberht swords in local styles.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• These ulfberht metalworkers migrated to other locations to make swords and money there.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• At least one ulfberht sword seems to be made in Frankish territory with a Frankish hilt type − near the place of origin?</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• Several ulfberht swords seem to be made in Norway with a Norwegian hilt type and corresponding blade type.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px">• One ulfberht metalworker immigrated to Norway.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px">• Norwegian vikings are more likely to bury with swords, but also seem to have access to genuine ulfberht swords.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10px"><span style="font-size: 10px"></span>• In Norway, the remarkable ulfbehrt swords comprise less than 1% of the over 2000 swords that survive. </span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Yaarel, post: 7500394, member: 58172"] [SIZE=2] Yeah, in addition to the high quality Norse steel of the Viking Period, there is also ... crazy good steel. I actually tried to post about this crazy good steel earlier, but the post ended up asking more questions than providing useful information. Currently, archeologists dispute the origins and techniques for this exceptional steel. [SIZE=2]Some assume it is steel made by the ‘crucible’ technique, but possibly it isnt. [/SIZE]The evidence is spotty, surprisingly conflictive, and involves far-flung locations. At this time, conflictive hypotheses are all plausible. Here are facts that I am aware of so far. During the Viking Period, crazy good steel becomes known in Nordic countries, mostly Norway. This advanced steel is created by some archeologically unconfirmed technique. It is comparable to the modern steel that only becomes common centuries later, during the industrial revolution in the 1800s. As far as is known, this crazy good steel only corresponds to sword blades that exhibit a distinctive logo, inscribed and inlaid with iron across the fuller of the blade, outward from near the hilt. This logo must be exactly: [/SIZE][CENTER][SIZE=2][SIZE=1][B]+VLFBERH+T[/B][/SIZE] [/SIZE][/CENTER] [SIZE=2] The second cross must be before the final T. The name Ulfberht is Frankish, and the letters are in the Latin alphabet. Only this logo has the exceptional steel. For example, there are also blades with a similar logo, [B][SIZE=1]+VLFBERHT+[/SIZE][/B] , and these are also high quality steel blades, but not the crazy good steel. There are also many blades with various garbled versions of this logo (for example, [B][SIZE=1]+VI┐ IFR I + ┴[/SIZE][/B] ), whose steel is terrible. So, including the mimics, the ulfberht-related blades are both the best blades and the worst blades possible. [CENTER][ATTACH=CONFIG]101823._xfImport[/ATTACH] [/CENTER] The crazy good steel is possible because some technique allows high temperatures that make the iron ‘hypereutectoid’ integrating more than 0.8% carbon. At this minute amount, the carbon allows the iron to form very hard microscopic structures. Later quenching can make these structures even several times harder. Genuine ulfberht blades have over 1.0% carbon, tending to range from 1.2% to 1.6%. The carbon percentage tends to be variegated, often with sharp edges higher and body lower, thus the percentages represent an average from several locations on the blade. Surviving today, there are roughly 170 blades with some kind of ulfberht inscription, depending on where the threshold for ‘ulfberht-like’ is that one wishes to include. Of these 170 or so ulfberht-related blades, about 50 have the relevant [B][SIZE=1]+VLFBERH+T[/SIZE][/B] logo. But only 14 of these have undergone metallurgical analysis. Of these 14 [/SIZE][SIZE=2][SIZE=2][B][SIZE=1]+VLFBERH+T[/SIZE][/B][/SIZE] blades, only 9 are the crazy good steel. Crazy good steel is rare. Of these 9 crazy good steel blades, 4 of them are in today Norway. Some are a local type. Here is an image of a Norwegian style sword (Petersen hilt type H) with one of the ulfbe[SIZE=2]r[/SIZE]ht inscriptions. [CENTER][ATTACH=CONFIG]101782._xfImport[/ATTACH] [/CENTER] The remaining Non-Norwegian 5 of the 9 locate as follows. • 1 comes from the southern coast of Finland, along the Swedish viking river routes. • 1 is from a ‘private collection’, meaning, grave-robbers have destroyed the vital scientific data. • 2 come from the German area of the Danish Peninsula. • 1 comes from the Frankish borders of the Rhine River, near the western border of today Germany. It is possible that all 14 blades had their steel created using the same technique, but if so, only 9 of these were successful. But even among these 9, one was hard but too brittle and broke, and one was damaged by later forging at temperatures that were too high. The crazy good steel must be forged at lower-than-traditional temperature, or else it looses the carbon that makes it special. So out of these rarefied 9 swords with crazy good steel, we have the following facts. All of them that archeologists are currently aware of carry the [SIZE=1][B]+VLFBERH+T[/B][/SIZE] logo. The name Ulfberht is a Frankish name, in the Frankish dialect relating to Old High German. The inscription is in Latin. Probably, a Frankish man named Ulfberht originated the tradition of producing this special steel sword. At least the [SIZE=2][SIZE=1][B]+VLFBERH+T[/B][/SIZE] [/SIZE]sword that was found in Frankish territory of the Rhine River, was probably created locally. The hilt includes parts that are made out of a lead-tin alloy, and this lead comes from a nearby local source, as evidenced by the distinctive isotopes of this lead. The hilt type is a local Frankish design. Even more significantly, the special steel of the blade itself has high levels of the trace mineral manganese, which is common in Europe. In other words, this advanced steel probably comes from Europe, not Asia. The [SIZE=2][SIZE=1][B]+VLFBERH+T[/B][/SIZE] swords and the mimics come from the 800s to the 1000s. Therefore, people have been creating ulfberht swords for over 200 years. Even if the originator was named Ulfberht, there are many people across the centuries who are using his logo. Different kinds of sword types (Petersen hilt type H, X, etcetera) are made out of this advanced steel. It seems, at least one of these metalworkers that learned the ulfberht technique, migrated to Norway and produced swords there out of this advanced steel. [SIZE=2]Note, it is uncertain if the persons who are making the ulfberht blades are the same persons who are creating the advanced steel. [/SIZE]Before the ulfberht swords, the only known archeological source for advanced steel is ‘wootz’. Only English calls this steel wootz, apparently deriving from ‘ukku’. It only comes from India. Around the 500s, southern India invented crucible steel, which English calls wootz steel. The ‘crucible’ is a clay container that is sealed air-tight. Inside this crucible, they add high quality iron ore (magnetite), plus coal, plus a certain local species of leaves. For some reason, these leaves are essential for the successful outcome of the steel bloom. The entire crucible heats in a furnace for several hours and cools slowly. Despite the fact this heat cannot melt iron, it is hot enough to melt the steel iron-carbon alloy. In other words, the outer surface of the iron that comes into contact with the carbon smoke, turns into steel and melts away, thus eventually all of the iron dissolves into steel. India is the absolute master of the metallurgical technology for producing steel. This secret Indian technique was carefully guarded. Southern India exported bars of this crucible steel, namely wootz, across Asia, to Persia, to Bagdad, to China, and elsewhere. It reaches Persia by the sea traderoutes. Also Persia resells it across its own traderoutes. In Syria, metalworkers import wootz ultimately from India in order to create their distinctive damascus steel blades. These blades have an esthetic ‘watery’ pattern. Somewhat resembling pattern-welding, the damascus pattern looks like a water surface of light and dark. The technique to make damascus steel has been lost. But apparently the wootz itself lacks this watery pattern, and it is the process of forging the steel blade that somehow creates this watery pattern. There are metalworkers today who claim to have rediscovered how to reproduce damascus steel, but there is no scientific verification of these claims, as far as I am aware. [/SIZE] Hypothetically, the Swedish vikings transported this Indian wootz from Persia via the river routes, thru the Volga River in today Russia. This correlates with the existence of an ulfberht sword in Finland, as well the ulfberht-like swords in Finland, Estonia, and Russia. However, none of the advanced steel has been found in Sweden, which is explainable but still frustrating if the Swedish vikings are supposed to be the ones who are transporting this wootz steel. According to this hypothesis, ulfberht swords are made out of the same wootz that damascus swords are made out. But the ulfberht swords lack the watery pattern because they are made according to a different forging process after the wootz arrives. There is a related hypothesis. The crucible steel for the ulfberht swords is thought to be made in or near Bagdad, not in India. There is textual evidence that alchemists in the Bagdad caliphate (Serkland) developed their own version of crucible steel. In this non-Indian technique, they mixed ‘hard iron’ and ‘soft iron’ in a crucible with coal. Today metallurgists guess that this ‘hard iron’ might be cast iron. Cast iron is something like crucible steel that was left too long in the furnace and got too much carbon, over 2.0%, thus became useless for making steel blades. Cast iron is harder than low-carbon iron, but is very brittle, and cannot be additionally hardened by quenching. With this hypothesis, the ulfberht blades are made out of this ‘Serkland’ version of crucible steel that ameliorates the cast iron with low-carbon iron in a crucible. If so, the Swedish vikings are transporting this Bagdad steel. These two hypotheses that involve the viking river traderoutes still enjoy currency among archeologists. But recent evidence suggests the advanced steel of the ulfberht blades comes from Europe − not Asia, neither India nor Bagdad. Namely the presence of manganese in the special steel of at least one of the blades. Here are my guesses on the topic of ulfberht. • In the 700s, a Frankish man named Ulfberht, or his descendant, discovered some kind of technique to make advanced steel. • Probably Ulfberht lives in Frankish territory, but possibly he immigrated northward to the German area of the Danish Peninsula. [SIZE=2]• Maybe he somehow learned his steel-making technique abroad, or else he independently discovered it. [/SIZE]• His technique may or may not use a ‘crucible’. Perhaps a variant furnace achieves similar results. • His technique is patchy − sharp edges tend to be super hard steel but the body is often more normalish good steel. • He used this advanced steel to make sword blades. He made both the high-carbon steel and its blades. • He made lots of money selling his famous ulfberht swords. • Ulfberht and his family − and eventually his descendants and their friends − learned this technique. • He people in diverse locations are making ulfberht swords in local styles. • These ulfberht metalworkers migrated to other locations to make swords and money there. • At least one ulfberht sword seems to be made in Frankish territory with a Frankish hilt type − near the place of origin? • Several ulfberht swords seem to be made in Norway with a Norwegian hilt type and corresponding blade type. • One ulfberht metalworker immigrated to Norway. [SIZE=2]• Norwegian vikings are more likely to bury with swords, but also seem to have access to genuine ulfberht swords. [/SIZE]• In Norway, the remarkable ulfbehrt swords comprise less than 1% of the over 2000 swords that survive. [/SIZE] [/QUOTE]
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