It's one of those questions that has been interpreted through Twitter.
1. Despite the name, there's no doubt that the fighting style benefits bows, crossbows, sings, darts, blowguns (!), and nets.
2. What is not clear is if a melee weapon with the "thrown" property counts as a ranged weapon when it is thrown. On the surface of it, the answer is no, and
so speaketh the Crawford (18 Sept).
3. Mearls, the day before (17 Sept), had ruled differently, saying that daggers (and by extension weapons with the thrown property) are
ranged weapons when they are being thrown.
4. If Mearls's interpretation is preferred, then in effect a ranged weapon is any weapon with which one makes a ranged attack. (The general definition on PHB 146 would in any case be trumped by the specifics of this case, and is not relevant).
5. Spells that require ranged attacks would, in any case, not benefit from this feat because they make ranged spell attacks, and not weapons.
So, in answer to your question:
Crawford says no (1, 2).
Mearls says yes (1, 3, 4), but risks people wanting to extend it further (5).