I wonder why there isn't a bonus to damage? It seems natural that when people use Dex to hit they had dex to damage, use str to hit they use str to damage - so why not add int (or wis or cha) to damage with spells?
(I've not read the PHB in detail or followed any WotC articles which may have had some insight on this)
I'm thinking it's because they do more spike damage with spells and have powerful effects. Fire Bolt does up to 4d10. That's a harder hit than a fighter can do with a regular hit on average. Wizards can have a Flaming Sphere or Mord's Sword up for a bonus action hit on top of our regular cantrip. Or we can unleash a 12d6 chain lightning here and there or a disintegrate. Not to mention you can pretty much kite something with ray of frost. If you hit an average martial with ray of frost, then stay ahead of him, he won't be able to hit you.
I think they're conceding flat damage to martials because casters have massive versatility and will gain more as they release additional books with spells.
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