D&D magic is such a pastiche of elements that it is hard to cast strongly flavored metaphysics on it. Too many of the spells and mechanics we have won't fit particular paradigms.
That, or Mage: the Ascension.
Confronting your Anima is, in Mage terms, the interaction with your Avatar on Arete quests and/or Paradox. The aspects of Darkness expressed above can be recast in Paradox, Qlippothic magic and the Nephandi, and/or the approach of Marauders.
Shadowrun, if you consider the confrontation is what Drain is is as close as I can figure.
That, or Mage: the Ascension.
Confronting your Anima is, in Mage terms, the interaction with your Avatar on Arete quests and/or Paradox. The aspects of Darkness expressed above can be recast in Paradox, Qlippothic magic and the Nephandi, and/or the approach of Marauders.