Zardnaar
Legend
D&D has all sorts of tropes and this one is a major one. Technological stagnation.
Basically this means hundreds or thousands of years ago in the D&D world people were wandering around in full plate armor and using things like longswords. Hundreds if not thousands of years after they are still using the same equipment. The Forgotten Realms are a good example of this as you can find ancient weapons basically identical to the modern Faerunian equivalents. The other trope is that civilisations get destroyed and everything collapses where IRL the victors usually inherited the spoils and most people will survive something like a war or conquest.
At a most basic level this is fine, its fantasy. When it comes to world building however I sometimes like using example from real life either refluffed or at least using the concept. Fantasy worlds often have a few "dark ages" which IRL mostly did not happen even with things like the fall of Rome happened. For example IRL Roman engineering was already in decline before the dark ages landed and even then there was technological innovation (stirrups, crossbows) so it was not all doom and gloom. The collapse of one political entity usually means it is just replaced with another.
Some D&D books over the years have looked at this and written about it such as 2E Combat and Tactics book. Things like lost lands and ruins are a major D&D trope and I find if you can tie it together that much better it helps the players out in terms of caring about your world or the backstory.
Lost Lands
How do you lose a land? In most cases land does not disappear as such short of things such as volcanoes or coastal areas. Most of the time a lost land is due to spotty record keeping obscured by the passage of time or the land was not well known about or publicised to begin with. Historical example would be Viking settlements in Newfoundland and cities and lands mentioned in the bible for example. Language also changes and in some cases the records that have survived did not give very precise locations. For example The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput traded with the land of Punt, but we do not 100% know where that land was. Sheba is another lost land. Those lands are probably in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia but they could also have been in Yemen or on both sides of the Red Sea.
Language
How do you lose a language? This is one of the easier things to explain. Language changes over the years or another culture can displace another (by conquest, immigration etc). Not to many people speak latin these days.
Writing
Losing writing is a lot rarer than losing a language. Even when another culture invades over time what usually happens is one language or writing replaces another. Very few cultures have lost the art of writing once they discover it or aquire it from another culture. For example the Roman empire is gone but we are using its legacy to communicate on these forums using this alphabet. Generally you need a total collapse of society in ancient times or in an isolated part of the world. The Greeks underwent a dark ages which lasted around 300 years.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages
What probably happened was that a reasonably small amount of people were literate perhaps less than 100 people. War probably disrupted that time period and several cities were destroyed. The literate people were either killed or with the destruction of the city states there was a collapse of organised bureaucracy so any literate survivors probably had to become farmers or whatever to survive. The Mayans might be another example and their collapse is probably a combination of environmental problems and war- any literate survivors would have lost their state sponsored position.
Technology.
Technology is another example where it is quite difficult to lose it. Even in a war most people usually survive and the victorious nation/culture/state inherits. There are several ways to lose technology however.
1. It becomes obsolete. Sometimes people get a romantic idea about something but sometimes this explanation is a good one. For example Damascus steel has a certain belief and aura around it and it died out towards the end of the 18th century or early 19th century at the latest. The mines are still there, you can go and get some ore still if you want. Damascus steel was good for its time, notice that it died out when the industrial revolution kicked off? Damascus steel is not magical its not going to cut through concrete so why spend a week or more of your life forging it when mass produced industrial steel will do the same thing? That and the British for example could mass produce this
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_1796_light_cavalry_sabre
A more modern example would be WW2 equipment. Enthusiasts might love to get their hands on a Tiger tank but they are not made any more for a reason.
2. Loss of resources.
In the modern world we do not really have this problem (yet). In ancient times the Byzantines for example were famous for using Greek Fire. There were actually 4 overlapping technologies here- the Greek fire, the weapon that fired it, the dromon that equipped it and the pump system. Greek fire dies out however and there may have been numerous reasons the loss of access to oil in the middle east was probably a key factor. Another example was Roman concrete. The Byzantines kept a lot of roman technology and could build things like roads and aqueducts after the fall of Rome. Roman concrete however used volcanic materials found in Italy and the Byzantines lost control of Italy and the technology perhaps was lost before they actually lost control of the areas they could get materials from. Concrete was rediscovered later- in Italy.
3. Economic Reasons
This means basically that someone stops paying for the technologies application. This could be due to political or cultural considerations. I have used the example of Roman concrete before and writing and a similar argument applies here. In Roman times the state and rich individuals paid for things like roads, buildings and monuments. With the economic disruptions in the west starting in the 3rd century the Roman economy essentially collapsed and the old families lost their power. Things like aqueducts failing predated the fall of the Roman empire. What probably happened was that the work dried up in the late empire as other problems and less money to deal with those problems took priority. Fixing a public building took a back seat to the proverbial horde of barbarians literally kicking in the door. The western empire lacked the money, the eastern empire lacked the resources. Pozzolana would have been difficult to ship assuming the Italians were still mining it and the Byzantines had problems with Arabic pirates once they lost Egypt and Africa. The Byzantines also did not build monuments on the scale of Rome with a few exceptions such as the Hagia Sophia. Once again money may have been a problem as the Byzantines were smaller than imperial Rome and the loss of the Levant, Egypt and North Africa perhaps represented 2/3rds of their income.
4. We don't know.
D&D often takes this approach. Sometimes we do not know what some things were even used for or how widespread it was- for example the Antikythera mechanism. Here we had a tool from the 19th century found that the museum could not figure out what it was used for. After it was put in a newspaper it turned out it was used to manually put the barbs on a wire fence (to make barbed wire). The academics could not identify it because they are academics not farmers, and most modern farmers would not have known what it was either and I assume the transition between a wire fence and bared wire fence would have been fairly quick. That tool became obsolete fast and was not in widespread use anyway.
Basically this means hundreds or thousands of years ago in the D&D world people were wandering around in full plate armor and using things like longswords. Hundreds if not thousands of years after they are still using the same equipment. The Forgotten Realms are a good example of this as you can find ancient weapons basically identical to the modern Faerunian equivalents. The other trope is that civilisations get destroyed and everything collapses where IRL the victors usually inherited the spoils and most people will survive something like a war or conquest.
At a most basic level this is fine, its fantasy. When it comes to world building however I sometimes like using example from real life either refluffed or at least using the concept. Fantasy worlds often have a few "dark ages" which IRL mostly did not happen even with things like the fall of Rome happened. For example IRL Roman engineering was already in decline before the dark ages landed and even then there was technological innovation (stirrups, crossbows) so it was not all doom and gloom. The collapse of one political entity usually means it is just replaced with another.
Some D&D books over the years have looked at this and written about it such as 2E Combat and Tactics book. Things like lost lands and ruins are a major D&D trope and I find if you can tie it together that much better it helps the players out in terms of caring about your world or the backstory.
Lost Lands
How do you lose a land? In most cases land does not disappear as such short of things such as volcanoes or coastal areas. Most of the time a lost land is due to spotty record keeping obscured by the passage of time or the land was not well known about or publicised to begin with. Historical example would be Viking settlements in Newfoundland and cities and lands mentioned in the bible for example. Language also changes and in some cases the records that have survived did not give very precise locations. For example The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput traded with the land of Punt, but we do not 100% know where that land was. Sheba is another lost land. Those lands are probably in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia but they could also have been in Yemen or on both sides of the Red Sea.
Language
How do you lose a language? This is one of the easier things to explain. Language changes over the years or another culture can displace another (by conquest, immigration etc). Not to many people speak latin these days.
Writing
Losing writing is a lot rarer than losing a language. Even when another culture invades over time what usually happens is one language or writing replaces another. Very few cultures have lost the art of writing once they discover it or aquire it from another culture. For example the Roman empire is gone but we are using its legacy to communicate on these forums using this alphabet. Generally you need a total collapse of society in ancient times or in an isolated part of the world. The Greeks underwent a dark ages which lasted around 300 years.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages
What probably happened was that a reasonably small amount of people were literate perhaps less than 100 people. War probably disrupted that time period and several cities were destroyed. The literate people were either killed or with the destruction of the city states there was a collapse of organised bureaucracy so any literate survivors probably had to become farmers or whatever to survive. The Mayans might be another example and their collapse is probably a combination of environmental problems and war- any literate survivors would have lost their state sponsored position.
Technology.
Technology is another example where it is quite difficult to lose it. Even in a war most people usually survive and the victorious nation/culture/state inherits. There are several ways to lose technology however.
1. It becomes obsolete. Sometimes people get a romantic idea about something but sometimes this explanation is a good one. For example Damascus steel has a certain belief and aura around it and it died out towards the end of the 18th century or early 19th century at the latest. The mines are still there, you can go and get some ore still if you want. Damascus steel was good for its time, notice that it died out when the industrial revolution kicked off? Damascus steel is not magical its not going to cut through concrete so why spend a week or more of your life forging it when mass produced industrial steel will do the same thing? That and the British for example could mass produce this
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_1796_light_cavalry_sabre
A more modern example would be WW2 equipment. Enthusiasts might love to get their hands on a Tiger tank but they are not made any more for a reason.
2. Loss of resources.
In the modern world we do not really have this problem (yet). In ancient times the Byzantines for example were famous for using Greek Fire. There were actually 4 overlapping technologies here- the Greek fire, the weapon that fired it, the dromon that equipped it and the pump system. Greek fire dies out however and there may have been numerous reasons the loss of access to oil in the middle east was probably a key factor. Another example was Roman concrete. The Byzantines kept a lot of roman technology and could build things like roads and aqueducts after the fall of Rome. Roman concrete however used volcanic materials found in Italy and the Byzantines lost control of Italy and the technology perhaps was lost before they actually lost control of the areas they could get materials from. Concrete was rediscovered later- in Italy.
3. Economic Reasons
This means basically that someone stops paying for the technologies application. This could be due to political or cultural considerations. I have used the example of Roman concrete before and writing and a similar argument applies here. In Roman times the state and rich individuals paid for things like roads, buildings and monuments. With the economic disruptions in the west starting in the 3rd century the Roman economy essentially collapsed and the old families lost their power. Things like aqueducts failing predated the fall of the Roman empire. What probably happened was that the work dried up in the late empire as other problems and less money to deal with those problems took priority. Fixing a public building took a back seat to the proverbial horde of barbarians literally kicking in the door. The western empire lacked the money, the eastern empire lacked the resources. Pozzolana would have been difficult to ship assuming the Italians were still mining it and the Byzantines had problems with Arabic pirates once they lost Egypt and Africa. The Byzantines also did not build monuments on the scale of Rome with a few exceptions such as the Hagia Sophia. Once again money may have been a problem as the Byzantines were smaller than imperial Rome and the loss of the Levant, Egypt and North Africa perhaps represented 2/3rds of their income.
4. We don't know.
D&D often takes this approach. Sometimes we do not know what some things were even used for or how widespread it was- for example the Antikythera mechanism. Here we had a tool from the 19th century found that the museum could not figure out what it was used for. After it was put in a newspaper it turned out it was used to manually put the barbs on a wire fence (to make barbed wire). The academics could not identify it because they are academics not farmers, and most modern farmers would not have known what it was either and I assume the transition between a wire fence and bared wire fence would have been fairly quick. That tool became obsolete fast and was not in widespread use anyway.
. More to the point: D&D has Alchemy as a real thing that happens in the universe. The Periodic Table of Elements is a thing that requires Chemistry. And yeah, technically a stick with a pointy rock tied to the end is technology. But we are talking about how technology is hobbled, we are not saying "technology doesn't exist"
