I disagree, there are CERTAINLY Martial Archetypes, Arcane Archetypes, and Divine Archetypes (and you could argue that there are also 'Primal' Archetypes). 5e classes tend to be able to do some admixture based on choice of character option, but every class has an easily identifiable core power source.
Likewise roles are NOT a construct of 4e. They are a natural outgrowth of tactical reality and arise spontaneously. 'Defender' is what armies call 'infantry' - guys that can take and hold ground, and deny it to the enemy. Strikers are heavy weapons, artillery and 'cavalry' essentially, which can bring concentration of firepower on critical areas. Leaders are support troops, the 'medical corps' and other such things. Controllers are basically artillery in its role as suppressing fire and area denial, and in some sense skirmishers or light cavalry that restrict the movement and disrupt the timing of the enemy.
And regardless of the lack of such labels you can clearly put a primary role on every 5e class. And the more a class focuses on and embodies one of these natural jobs, the more likely it is to be a coherent and satisfying design.
