Given your location, I'm a little surprised you don't see a regular justification in the environment from approximately late October through approximately late April.
A snowstorm can completely cover a region, even if the prevailing wind is blowing in mostly one direction. Yes, some objects impede snow accumulation to a point, but enough variation in wind speed, direction, and temperature can result in snow settling on objects behind other objects. You might think of the white dragon's cone as the area it affects, not the only direction of the force. The forces within the howling cone of icy rage tumble and twist, the ambient air temperature plummets dangerously, and the speed at which the icy particulates strike is sufficient to score flesh and bone.
Think of a parallel, though different, example: red dragon breath. If the temperature is probably hot enough to melt iron (1,538 C), then it doesn't matter all that much that one person is standing behind another person. The damage to the person behind can be accounted for in terms of ambient temperature, as well things like hypoxia as the flames consume ambient oxygen. The heat and hypoxia alone are deadly.
There's no reason the ice storm can't be a similar experience.
Another factor: ice is H2O in a particular state. That hydrogen bond in water is one of the strongest forces in the universe. It is the reason that a drop of water can hang on under a flat surface against the (relatively weak) force of gravity. Being in a white dragon's breath isn't just being in a snowstorm, it's being at the heart of a drastically accelerated blast of frozen water impacting with tremendous force (remember that water weighs a great deal, even just 2 or 3 liters, never mind all those cubic meters of ice from a white dragon).
It seems to me that white dragon breath is easily justified as deadly, even if you're standing behind someone, and in some cases, an object.
Still learning,
Robert