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<blockquote data-quote="LuisCarlos17f" data-source="post: 9171579" data-attributes="member: 6802378"><p>[URL unfurl="true"]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius[/URL]</p><p></p><p>A <em><strong>bustuarius</strong></em> (plural: <em>bustuarii</em>) was a kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator" target="_blank">gladiator</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" target="_blank">Ancient Rome</a>, who fought about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_pyre" target="_blank">funeral pyre</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" target="_blank">Latin</a>: <em>bustum</em>) of the deceased at a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_funeral" target="_blank">Roman funeral</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:0-1" target="_blank">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:1-2" target="_blank">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:2-3" target="_blank">[3]</a></p><p></p><p><em>Bustuarii</em> were considered of even lower status than other gladiators whose fights were exhibited in public gladiatorial games.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-4" target="_blank">[4]</a> <em>Bustuarii</em> are mentioned by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" target="_blank">Cicero</a> in his <em>Against Piso</em> speech, criticizing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_58_BC)" target="_blank">Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus</a> before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate" target="_blank">Senate</a> and comparing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" target="_blank">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> to a <em>bustuarius gladiator</em>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-5" target="_blank">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-6" target="_blank">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-7" target="_blank">[7]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian" target="_blank">Tertullian</a>, alleges in his treatise attacking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" target="_blank">ancient Roman religion</a> in favour of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" target="_blank">Christianity</a> – <em>On Spectacles</em> – that the origin of gladiatorial games was these funerary rituals.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-8" target="_blank">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-9" target="_blank">[9]</a> The word could also refer to a gravedigger or cremation attendant.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:0-1" target="_blank">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:1-2" target="_blank">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:2-3" target="_blank">[3]</a></p><p></p><p>At first, the practice was to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_ancient_Rome" target="_blank">sacrifice</a> captives on the tomb, or at the <em>bustum</em> of warriors: instances of which are in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" target="_blank">Homer</a> – at the funeral of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus" target="_blank">Patroclus</a> – and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy" target="_blank">Greek tragedy</a>. Their blood was supposed to appease the <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_inferi" target="_blank">di inferi</a></em> or the <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manes" target="_blank">manes</a>,</em> gods and spirits of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_underworld" target="_blank">underworld</a>, and render them propitious to the remains of the deceased. In later ages, this custom appeared too barbarous; and in lieu of these victims, they appointed gladiators to fight, whose blood, it was supposed, might have the same effect.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="LuisCarlos17f, post: 9171579, member: 6802378"] [URL unfurl="true"]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius[/URL] A [I][B]bustuarius[/B][/I] (plural: [I]bustuarii[/I]) was a kind of [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator']gladiator[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome']Ancient Rome[/URL], who fought about the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_pyre']funeral pyre[/URL] ([URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language']Latin[/URL]: [I]bustum[/I]) of the deceased at a [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_funeral']Roman funeral[/URL].[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:0-1'][1][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:1-2'][2][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:2-3'][3][/URL] [I]Bustuarii[/I] were considered of even lower status than other gladiators whose fights were exhibited in public gladiatorial games.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-4'][4][/URL] [I]Bustuarii[/I] are mentioned by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero']Cicero[/URL] in his [I]Against Piso[/I] speech, criticizing [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_58_BC)']Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus[/URL] before the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate']Senate[/URL] and comparing [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher']Publius Clodius Pulcher[/URL] to a [I]bustuarius gladiator[/I].[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-5'][5][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-6'][6][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-7'][7][/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian']Tertullian[/URL], alleges in his treatise attacking [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion']ancient Roman religion[/URL] in favour of [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity']Christianity[/URL] – [I]On Spectacles[/I] – that the origin of gladiatorial games was these funerary rituals.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-8'][8][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-9'][9][/URL] The word could also refer to a gravedigger or cremation attendant.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:0-1'][1][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:1-2'][2][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius#cite_note-:2-3'][3][/URL] At first, the practice was to [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_ancient_Rome']sacrifice[/URL] captives on the tomb, or at the [I]bustum[/I] of warriors: instances of which are in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer']Homer[/URL] – at the funeral of [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus']Patroclus[/URL] – and in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy']Greek tragedy[/URL]. Their blood was supposed to appease the [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_inferi']di inferi[/URL][/I] or the [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manes']manes[/URL],[/I] gods and spirits of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_underworld']underworld[/URL], and render them propitious to the remains of the deceased. In later ages, this custom appeared too barbarous; and in lieu of these victims, they appointed gladiators to fight, whose blood, it was supposed, might have the same effect. [/QUOTE]
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