I've read all three of the Locke Lamora books written to date, and I'm not sure there's a system out there that's hands down, far and away the best choice to emulate what you read in the novels.
The actual plotting of the heists, and the setup material for the heists, will largely need to come from the brain of an ingenious GM, paired with a group that highly trusts that GM so the two can play off of each other. That kind of GM and group dynamic is pretty much system-neutral.
That said . . . .
If put to it, I'd probably say that one of the mechanically crunchy, generic, universal systems like HERO or GURPS would probably fit best, maybe GURPS 4e, which includes more "cinematic" rules elements that might hit the notes you're looking for.
Savage Worlds, my system of choice, could probably do it, but would need some house rules to beef up of the skill system, and probably some new edges to represent the character abilities.
I don't know the system at all, but I imagine Leverage mixed with the Cortex+ Hacker's guide to get the medieval feel of the setting would probably work very well, but would be a lot of houseruling.