Bard (only goes to 6th level) and Paladin/Ranger (only go to 4th) are the main ones. The Pathfinder Arcanist class has a sorcerer-like max spell level progression (new spell levels at 4th, 6th, etc. instead of 3rd, 5th) but maxes out only at 4 spells/level/day, instead of 6.
Weirder progressions are in some of the Prestige Classes. Off the top of my head, Ur-Priest and Apostle of Peace get 1-9 casting over 10 levels. Sublime Chord starts at 4th level slots and goes up to 9th, also over 10 levels. And Nar Demonbinder starts off at 4th and goes to 8th, all over just 7 levels.