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Message: <blockquote data-quote="clearstream" data-source="post: 9077135" data-attributes="member: 71699">Searle characterised constitutive norms (game rules are an example) like this: in G doing X counts as doing Y. I think you must be saying that the metaphorical aspect ("counts as") is too weak. What makes it weak, compared to other constitutive performances that are certainly not the authentic process (e.g. mixing it up with knives in the alleys of a haunted city)?I felt that [USER=13383]@robertsconley[/USER] laid out with some warmth a version of the "old road to simulationism" which is where author-A provides the subject of player-B's exploration. In an example like RuneQuest, A is a collaboration between designers as original authors (Perrin, Stafford, Turney, Kraft, Jaquays) and GM as secondary author, with players exploring what they have created. As [USER=85555]@Bedrockgames[/USER] has several times pointed out, GM is able to author-in-the-moment; designers perforce preload. An argument I made up-thread, borne out by the dispositions of [USER=71235]@niklinna[/USER] and [USER=6779310]@aramis erak[/USER], ("authorship... is neither exploration nor discovery"), is that making the sub-creation objective from the point of view of the players facilitates their explorative stance toward it.A new road to simulationism is that framed sufficiently well by [USER=6779310]@aramis erak[/USER], and strongly implied once one grasps the ludic duality of player as audience=author:A authors that which is objective to B and C, while B authors that which is objective to A and C, and C authors that which is objective to A and B. Whomever authors the game text (Tomkin, say, with regard to Ironsworn) perforce engages in prior authorship (preloading), while whomever are counted among players author in the moment. As I see it, the main duties of GM in this setup are to manage adversaries and adversities, and that too can be shared (see the "<a href="https://itch.io/c/1141250/no-dice-no-masters" target="_blank">no dice no masters</a>" collection of game texts.)All the above sets aside any contention over whether one can or cannot discover in the act of authoring, making it more suitable for a wide range of players. Taking [USER=85870]@innerdude[/USER]'s arguments to heart (their post #2537 is worth re-reading in its entirety) the process is benefited by 1) lightening the level of integration / tightness of coupling the preloaded elements, and 2) letting no author gainsay another (except per other principles shared upfront). Based on my observations upthread, I'll add 3) unless it's crucial to your subject, avoid preloading theme. And in closing point out that preloading need not exclude players once they are authors, or be unresponsive to them where designer has followed 1).This will driveand</blockquote>

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