Interestingly, I think Islamic countries have banned alcohol since the seventh century or so.
It's evident that deleterious effects have been recognised in some substances for quite a while. On the other hand, I suspect a lot of prohibitions have revolved around prestige - did commoners in the Aztec empire get hot chocolate to drink? I think not.
Overall, I think that the Victorian USA was the time and place for Vice to be Frowned Upon The Most, real or not. So I'd date most prohibitions as originating, if not in that actual era, then in spirit in that era (law sometimes takes time to flow from the Moral to the Legislators).