FormerlyHemlock
Hero
The Frightened condition is.
Yeah-huh.
It imposes penalties and restricts your actions.
Everything in D&D restricts your actions. Dungeon walls don't "overcome" you by restricting where you can go. Being overcome means you lose agency.
In 5E, being Frightened does not deprive you of agency. You can e.g. cast Darkness on yourself to eliminate the disadvantage and keep right on shooting. You retain agency instead of being overcome. You can choose to roleplay someone who is overcome by fear and flees, but you don't have to.
Ranged-attacker loophole acknowledged, as far as it goes, which is not very far because you're not overcoming the fear-induced disadvantage.
It's not a loophole, it's a major feature of the Frightened condition. A melee combatant who is frightened can remain in melee.
But, if you're unable to approach the dragon and fight it even though your only weapon is a sword, you're not 'acting in spite of your fears,' you're overcome by them. Narrowing the example to a ranged attacker doesn't change that.
If you're already in melee with the dragon, you can keep fighting it. If you're not in melee with the dragon, you can pull out a bow and start shooting it; or start casting spells like Hold Monster or Chain Lightning to kill it; or cast Heroism or Calm Emotions to allow yourself (and/or others) to approach; or position yourself between the dragon and the squishies, so that it has to go through you to get to them.
The Frightened condition doesn't do nearly as much as you seem to think it does. In 5E, it really has very little effect on anyone except a pure melee combatant, and we all know that melee is weak in 5E anyway so that's more of a comment on melee specialization than on the Frightened condition. If anything, you're being "overcome" by your own short-sightedness in bringing a knife to a gunfight.
Crucially, the Fightened condition does not turn you into a coward. (The Fear spell does, but the Frightened condition does not.) Despite your clammy hands and knocking knees, you can still kill that dragon or grapple that mummy lord. That wouldn't be true of fear effects in some other games.
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