It does seem kind of strange that there do not seem to be many truly famous dragons outside of DragonLance.
From what I read of the "creation diary" for DragonLance, that was one of its goals - up until then, dragons were very rare in D&D adventures.
Here are the dragons I know of (not counting those on "random encounter tables")
BECMI
B3 - Palace of the Silver Princess; A red dragon plays into party of the storyline, but does not appear in the adventure
B4 - The Lost City; unnamed white dragon
X1 - Isle of Dread; A to-be-fleshed-out encounter w/ an unnamed blue dragon
CM2 - Death's Ride; Korbundar, blue dragon
CM3 - Sabre River; unnamed black dragon; Incendiarous, red dragon
D&D Dragon's Den boxed set; Nefastus, green dragon; Anandak, red dragon; Hakra and 2 hatchlings, black dragons
AD&D 1E
G2 - Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl; 2 unnamed white dragons
G3 - Hall of the Fire Giant King; Brazzemal, red dragon
I6 - Ravenloft; 4 unnamed red dragons
I13 - Adventure Pack I,
-Reign of Triumph; Erashenes, red dragon
-Steaks; unnamed green dragon and 2 young green dragons
Q1 - Queen of the Demonweb Pits; in Maldev, unnamed red dragon; in Spidership, unnamed black dragon, unnamed white dragon, unnamed 2 adult red dragons and 5 hatchling red dragons
S2 - White Plume Mountain; Dragotha, undead dragon (no stats)
S4 - Lost Caverns of Tsjocanth; unnamed Blue Dragon
AD&D 2E
Dragon Mountain - Infyrana, red dragon
Return to White Plume Mountain - Dragoth, dracolich (no stats)
TSR Jam 1999 - Vale of the Dragon Oracle - Oskurough, skeletal blue dragon and Larghauseth, zombie red dragon; Leviathan's Deep - Brynseldimer, sea dragon
D&D 3E
Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil - Utreshimon, blue dragon; Vranthris, green dragon; Chymon, red dragon
Expedition to Undermountain - Umbraxakar, shadow dragon
Expedition to Castle Greyhawk - Han Tan Chun, ti lung dragon; Dragon skeleton,
Sunless Citidel - Calcryx, white dragon
Forge of Fury - Nightscale, black dragon
Lord of the Iron Fortress - Indrazar, Khalataic and Hundrasi, blue dragons
Bastion of Broken Souls - Paraselson and Ashardalon,red dragon
Council of Wyrms
"Color Blind" - Snowfire, white dragon
"The Terrible Alliance" - 2 unnamed white dragons
DragonLance
DL1 - Dragons of Despair; Onyx, black dragon
DL2 - Dragons of Flame; Ember and Flamestrike, red dragons
DL3 - Dragons of Hope; Blaize, brass dragon; unnamed shadow dragon
DL4 - Dragons of Desolation; Evenstar, gold dragon; Ember returns
DL6 - Dragons of Ice; Sleet, white dragon
DL7 - Dragons of Light; Dargent, silver dragon
DL8 - Dragons of War; Skie, blue dragon
DL9 - Dragons of Deceit; various unnamed blue dragons
DL10 - Dragons of Dreams (my favorite DL adventure); Cyan Bloodbane, green dragon
DL12 - Dragons of Faith; Skie, blue dragon; Clarion, bronze dragon; various blue dragons, various sea dragons
DL13 - Dragons of Truth; dragons everywhere!
DL14 - Dragons of Triumph; dragons everywhere!
DL15 - Mists of Krynn; Nonacula, shadow dragon; Gahar and Fohbohce, blue dragons; Klorrin, green dragon; Ahragim and Dhaymos, black dragons; Leafwing, faerie dragon; Ascania, silver dragon; Ignia and Cauterus, red dragons
DL16 - World of Krynn; Flagratius and Flagrants, red dragons; the Tarrasque
Forgotten Realms
FRC1 - Ruins of Adventure; Srossar, bronze dragon
H1 - Bloodstone Pass; unnamed blue dragon; 2 unnamed red dragons and 1 young red dragon
H2 - Mines of Bloodstone; Clematis, Indanthrene, and Curcumin, faerie dragons; 4 unnamed shadow dragons; 2 unnamed red dragons; unnamed ancient black dragon;
H3 - Bloodstone Wars; the faerie dragons are mentioned from H2
H4 - Throne of Bloodstone; Arctigis, white dragon; unnamed white dragon; Fyrillicus, abyssian dragon; Bahumat & Tiamat (and her consorts, 1 of each color)
Ruins of Undermountain - Aragauthos, blue dragon
Ruins of Undermountain II - The Deep Levels; Valdemar, green dragon
City of the Spider Queen - Glouroth, shadow dragon; Ice, white dracolich; black dragon zombie
Greyhawk
WGR1 - Greyhawk Ruins; unnamed green dragon; unnamed red dragon "temple"; unnamed gold dragon; Farcluun, red dragon