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<blockquote data-quote="Wofano Wotanto" data-source="post: 9350284" data-attributes="member: 7044704">If nothing else, &quot;anime&quot; is slowly becoming uncoupled from the former criteria of &quot;most be made in/by a Japanese business&quot; and &quot;Western anime&quot; is starting to gain ground in the English-speaking fan base.&nbsp; OTOH, there's also been a rise in recognition of aeni (South Korean animation in teh same broad sense that anime is Japanese animation) as its own distinct thing, so nationalist definitions certainly aren't going away anytime soon.Possibly, although &quot;graphic novel&quot; is more a format than a style or technique, and likely to remain distinct from &quot;comic book&quot; or the more recent &quot;floppy&quot; despite generally being essentially compilations of them.&nbsp; Graphic novels started off as their own thing - essentially long comic books or (as the name suggests) novella-length fiction illustrated with a comic book style - but these days it's far more common for their content to be published as floppies first and then re-sold as a compiled reprint volume.&nbsp; Somewhat weirdly, we don't see them called &quot;trade paperbacks&quot; (which was sometimes used for graphic novels by the trad book retailers) much anymore despite the persistence of the term &quot;writing for the trade&quot; - ie, writing story arcs that conclude in about six floppy issues so they can be easily turned into a coherent graphic novel.I don't know of anything called a &quot;cartoon&quot; that predated his earliest, partly-lost stuff in 1911, and Gertie (1914) might be more properly the first to use many features expected in an animated cartoon, but I may have missed something in the 4+ decades since my college days.&nbsp; There's a few much early examples of animation (eg Blackton's Enchanted Drawing in ~1900) but they used stop-action techniques (and later stop-motion) rather than cartooning as such.&nbsp; Certainly animated, but not an animated cartoon if that makes sense.&nbsp; Same goes for silhouette animation and variants on it like shadow puppetry, which were also very early - Cristiani's lost works predating even Reininger in that category.&nbsp; They're definitely animation techniques, but last I really looked into it &quot;cartoon animation&quot; called for animating sketch art.&nbsp; Admittedly, I'm not sure the line's as sharp as some people say - especially with some stop-motion work that sure looks like modifying &quot;sketches&quot; in sand to me - but it gives the real experts something to debate about.In terms of what very early animated films were called for publicity purposes, I think it was just that - animated films or features, at least in English.&nbsp; Not positive though, and definitely not sure when it comes to other languages.&nbsp; I've never dug into (say) European or South American animation history the way a serious researcher would.</blockquote>

[QUOTE="Wofano Wotanto, post: 9350284, member: 7044704"] If nothing else, "anime" is slowly becoming uncoupled from the former criteria of "most be made in/by a Japanese business" and "Western anime" is starting to gain ground in the English-speaking fan base. OTOH, there's also been a rise in recognition of aeni (South Korean animation in teh same broad sense that anime is Japanese animation) as its own distinct thing, so nationalist definitions certainly aren't going away anytime soon. Possibly, although "graphic novel" is more a format than a style or technique, and likely to remain distinct from "comic book" or the more recent "floppy" despite generally being essentially compilations of them. Graphic novels started off as their own thing - essentially long comic books or (as the name suggests) novella-length fiction illustrated with a comic book style - but these days it's far more common for their content to be published as floppies first and then re-sold as a compiled reprint volume. Somewhat weirdly, we don't see them called "trade paperbacks" (which was sometimes used for graphic novels by the trad book retailers) much anymore despite the persistence of the term "writing for the trade" - ie, writing story arcs that conclude in about six floppy issues so they can be easily turned into a coherent graphic novel. I don't know of anything called a "cartoon" that predated his earliest, partly-lost stuff in 1911, and Gertie (1914) might be more properly the first to use many features expected in an animated cartoon, but I may have missed something in the 4+ decades since my college days. There's a few much early examples of animation (eg Blackton's Enchanted Drawing in ~1900) but they used stop-action techniques (and later stop-motion) rather than cartooning as such. Certainly animated, but not an animated cartoon if that makes sense. Same goes for silhouette animation and variants on it like shadow puppetry, which were also very early - Cristiani's lost works predating even Reininger in that category. They're definitely animation techniques, but last I really looked into it "cartoon animation" called for animating sketch art. Admittedly, I'm not sure the line's as sharp as some people say - especially with some stop-motion work that sure looks like modifying "sketches" in sand to me - but it gives the real experts something to debate about. In terms of what very early animated films were called for publicity purposes, I think it was just that - animated films or features, at least in English. Not positive though, and definitely not sure when it comes to other languages. I've never dug into (say) European or South American animation history the way a serious researcher would. [/QUOTE]

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