I am going to be running a campaign within a city involving science vs. magic. I was needing any and all information on theories disproven (or still shrouded by mystery) over the years by science.
Redwing, you really need to clarify this question. I'm assuming you are asking about pre-modern scientific worldviews but I can't really ascertain from your question whether this is precisely what you mean.
In the European context, there are four main pre-modern scientific worldviews:
- Aristotelian
- Neoplatonist
- Epicurean/Atomist
- Stoic
In the early modern period, there is also the addition of the Hermetic system which some still seek to classify as really a neoplatonist extension.
The science/art of alchemy was generally an aristotelian worldview but as time went on, neoplatonist and hermetic ideas did permeate it.
The Islamic world largely worked with the Aristotelian system. There is additionally the Chinese systems which I don't understand that well but did also give rise to the practice of alchemy -- but using a five-element system as opposed to the Aristotelian four-element system.
Given the actual availability of resources on these various points, I'd recommend you work with the Aristotelian system because it is by far the most well-documented school of thought (as it was the most popular system of thought in medieval Europe). There is also the advantage of the fact that the Aristotelian system is clearly and directly connected to a science of alchemy and a science of medicine, both of which use the four-element theory.
All this stated, I suggest that what you really need to do is go to your library and get a survey text on the history of science, hopefully one which starts in either the Babylonian or Classical period (1000 or 500 BC).