It sounds to me like the most accurate interpretation of the books would be that a caster doesn't know if the target made their save unless the spell specifically says so (ie, zone of truth) or if concentration is required.
Actually, the spellcasting rules say that the effect of passing a save is described by the spell. Suggestion says "On a failed save, it pursues the course of action you described to the best of its ability."
It also specifies some conditions where the spell ends - when you or your companions attack the target, when the duration is up, when concentration lapses, or when the task is complete...
But not when the save is made.
Charm person is much the same: the target is charmed if it failed it's save, but the spell does not end.
That's in contrast with some spells such as charm person:
"The target must succeed on a Wisdom saving throw or be paralyzed for the duration. At the end of each of its turns, the target can make another Wisdom saving throw.
On a success, the spell ends on the target."
So it seems to me that the caster doesn't strictly know if their spells have been successful for some of the more subtle spells.
I would suggest that succesfully fooling a caster would require you to:
a) know the spell being cast
b) know or correctly guess the intended result (ie - you could fake a dominate if you correctly guess what you're going to be ordered to do)
c) make a cha(deception) roll, probably with a penalty because this is more difficult than if you had time to line up your performance ahead of time