Holmes is known as the best by the people within the narrative, yes? It's not an otherwise objective measure; it's purely in the narrative.
Why do people in the narrative think he's the best? Because he successfully solves great mysteries, usually with his powers of induction and observation.
5e represents this (somewhat poorly) with the Investigation skill.
So, in a 5e game, Holmes is the best by overcoming the most challenges with the Investigation skill.
HOW his Investigation skill is so high, no one in the narrative can know; they only know the results.
Why do people in the narrative think he's the best? Because he successfully solves great mysteries, usually with his powers of induction and observation.
5e represents this (somewhat poorly) with the Investigation skill.
So, in a 5e game, Holmes is the best by overcoming the most challenges with the Investigation skill.
HOW his Investigation skill is so high, no one in the narrative can know; they only know the results.