Why do they need to succeed at a hide check at all? Unseen attackers get advantage, if you are unseen when you stick your head out you get advantage.They can. Of course they can! They just need to be unseen and unheard, succeed at their stealth action, make their stealth check vs the passive perception of their foes, and then lean out and fire at the target on their turn. They will do it with advantage, just no sneak attack unless they are a rogue.
I agree it is a common strategy to use hide and attack from a hidden location. It is not a common strategy to look out from behind a Rock in plain view of the enemy and still think you are hidden. Look at the photo in the cubicle posted above, you are talking about someone sticking more than that out.It's just that, because rogues can hide as a bonus action, and because they use advantage to get sneak attack, it's the most common strategy for the rogue.
Why do they need to spend an action. Unseen is unseen and gets you advantage. No need for an action. This is clear in the rules.They can. But they need to spend an action to use stealth.
Every medium and small creature is partially obscured when standing behind another medium or large creature. They all have partial cover and are partially obscured. If you think you can be hidden in such a condition then the halfling trait brings nothing at all to the table. Same with the Wood elf trait.No, none can do it unless they have cover which makes them unseen prior to the attack so they can use stealth. And then of course they need to spend an action to do it.
What is different about a Gnome hiding behind a Wizards legs and peeking out to shoot (not allowed) and the same Gnome hiding behind a wall and peeking out to shoot? Your position is the first one is not allowed but the second one is? The difference for a halfling is he is specifically allowed to do the first.
But how are you still unseen when you "pop out" and I still want to know why the Barbarian next to you that did not take the hide action isn't. You are both poping out in exactly the same place,It's pretty simple: Step 1) Move to where you are unseen and unheard which will usually be full cover unless you're a lightfoot halfling who can do this behind a medium or large ally, 2) Use stealth, as an action if you're a non-rogue or as a bonus action with cunning action if you are a rogue, 3) beat your target's passive perception with your stealth check, which means you hopefully have a good dex and are trained in stealth (and maybe have expertise in it), 4) on your next turn pop/lean out from cover and fire, with advantage, which ends your stealth after you resolve if you have hit or miss with the attack, 5) see step 1.
Most Rogues in games I played do not get advantage for being unseen while in plain view, whether they took the hide action before moving out into view or not. Most Rogues do get advantage on a good 50% or more of their ranged attacks, most of them while attacking from a hidden position. Melee Rogues occasionally do as well.Most rogue players have been doing this, for years and years now. Particularly the lightfoot halfing ones. It's how most of those ranged rogues get sneak attack.
My key point here - you don't need to implement a rule that allows Rogues to be hidden in the open for them to get advantage and attack from an unseen position. There are all kinds of places to be unseen and shoot with advantage most of the time. Not all the time, but most of the time, it just takes some creativity and thinking on the part of the Rogue.
Finally I will point out that my position does not nerf the Rogue. If the Rogue needs to pass a stealth check to get advantage he is only going to get that advantage when he actually passes the check. If you go by RAW, he can get advantage any time he attacks from an unseen position without hiding, he is going to be able to do it more often. Further under Tasha's he can sacrifice movement to simply get advantage with a bonus action steady aim. So if anything hiding like you are describing is going to reduce opportunities for advantage compared to other options like steady aim or at night dash because you are relying on passing a stealth check.
The easiest way to get advantage on an attack is steady aim. The second most common easy way is in a dark area against an enemy who is in dim or bright light; simply move outside of the lit area or outside the enemies darkvision range and attack from there. If you decide to move behind a lit area with a wall instead and use your hiding rules you are going to get advantage less often.
If you like it in your game though have at it.

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