Rules Compendium D&D and Savage Worlds Adventure Edition were my first thoughts on this.
RC is a full D&D edition in one fairly slim volume which is extremely impressive. While I got started with the BECMI boxes rather than this book the content is mostly the same and the nostalgia value is also huge. SWADE is an incredibly complete toolkit for action-adventure gaming and I could play for years just in that one book. The add-ons are nice for saving time and giving worked examples of how to home brew, but not essential.
Some slightly left-field suggestions. Ars Magica 5th edition core is actually a very complete book including rules on magic and labs, covenants, and a bestiary. The new Definitive Edition will take that to 11 by the look of it. For an alternative retro-fantasy game, Advanced Fighting Fantasy Deluxe is an anthology book with the AFF core rules, Out of the Pit bestiary and the world of Titan.