if the artist doesn't want to be complicit in this they need to stop displaying their artwork.
Indeed. That's basically how it works within the EU TDM exception for non-profit AI training. Opt-out exist against commercial use, but you can't opt out, once your work has been published, of AI training for research purpose or when done by cultural heritage institutions. Much like you couldn't prevent one from doing a copy for private use of your work displayed on the Internet since 2001. (TBH I doubt you could have opposed it before 2001, but it wasn't explicitely written in the law until then so it was more a gray area).
If you don't want to enjoy the rights associated with copyright protection, and concede the counterpart for those rights granted upon publishing, don't publish the work.
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