I have a reoccuring villain in my Amberos homebrew world, named Roanoke Major, who's essentially done this.
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Roanoke ruled a kingdom and his phylactery was his throne, and he had likewise hidden several clones throughout his kingdom.
Heroes were able to convince his general to turn stag and kill him, dumping Roanoke's soul into the throne. When his kingdom was claimed by another, he took possession of the one who sat upon the throne. However, before he could re-lichify, he was hunted down and thought killed, though his body was never recovered.
Then he showed up a few years later. After that body was destroyed in fire, Roanoke showed up a year or so down the road, once right after the other. That was when those hunting him realized he was using clones. After destroying his latest incarnation, the heroes who had been dealing with him started actively hunting for other possible copies hidden by the wizard.
At one time, there were fifteen Roanokes running around at various power levels. The hero's attempts to hunt down inactive clones instead freed several from statis. Each one claimed to be *the* Roanoke, and it is thought that his soul was somehow actually split between all the active clones to some degree or another, causing many to be mad or to have missing large chunks of memory or skill.
Eventually, the Roanokes were either hunted down or the more powerful ones subsumed the weaker ones. Finally, one remained, and took the title Roanoke Major. Finally ousted from his kingdom, Roanoke Major fled into obscurity. It's thought he has a fortress somewhere in the Ice Mages, where he plots to return and retake his kingdom of the Hawk Lands.
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Well played, sir.
Yeah, after reading the spell in reply to the OP, my thoughts were "Wow. Why wouldn't
every high level wizard have a dozen or more clones stashed away somewhere." Story-wise, that's not typically the case.
Also, it seems the clone spell exerts some sort of pull on the soul when the original creature dies (hence the "and willing" clause... Which might put a crimp in the "clone and kill a captive" scenario). So what happens when there's more than one clone body pulling at the soul? My quick solution is "only one clone at a a time", or that they activate sequentially, in the order they were created.
I do like the idea of soul fragmentation, and the consequences that might imply. Madness, most likely. Or, tapping into Egyptian mythology, maybe specific parts of the soul are peeled off. What would the clone be like that is only the Ib part of the soul? What about the clone that's missing the Ib? The Sheut is the part of the soul that forms one's shadow. What an interesting clone that would be ...
How many clones can a soul be split between, though? Wisdom score? Wisdom bonus? Int, Wis Cha bonus combined? What happens to the clones if the soul is spread too thin? Do they fail to animate? Or do they become... something else?
Can a being with a partial soul become a lich? Simple answer, No. More interesting answer, maybe. A lich with a partial soul again, might be something different, something other than a regular lich. Again, what would a lich who's shadow soul is the only part in the phylactery be like? What if becoming a lich causes all the soul fragments to reunite in the phylactery? Now there's a full blown lich with soulless copies of itself running around (once more, soulless clones are more interesting than ruling they simply become inert again).
Speaking of limits with consequences, how many clones should spellcaster be able to create? Limited by the original body's Con score, I imagine, either bonus (minimum one) or actual score. What happens when you exceed the limit? Either the spell fails (boring), or the clone is somehow "wrong", only limited by the DMs imagination. Surely some wizard who pushed those boundaries is out there somewhere in his warped clone body.
Well, that was fun.
