Chapter 2 in the Player's Handbook should help you a lot. Make sure to check out pages 30 and 31, those cover what all the various spots on the character sheet should have in them. Also, what level character are you making?
BTW, though I'm explaining this here, you should try asking another player for help. Having someone sit down with you and going through how to do everything is a lot of help!
Race features is just a box to record what benefits your race gives you. So, for example, if you're a dragonborn, you might write something like...
Race Features
+2 STR, +2 CHA, +2 history, +2 intimidate
Dragonborn Fury: +1 to attack rolls when bloodied
Draconic Heritage: surge value gets +con mod
Dragon Breath (STR, acid)
Remember that it's for your own personal use, so just write enough where it'll remind you what benefits your race gives you.
Class/path/destiny features: Assuming you're making a character level 1-10, just write your class features. Path and Destiny refer to Paragon Path and Epic Destiny, which you get at 11th and 21st level, respectively. Your path and destiny are, basically, subclasses, which I'm guessing you probably won't have to worry about.
For feats, you'll find those in Chapter 6 of the Player's Handbook. ]Make sure your character fulfills what's written under "Prerequisites" if the feat has any! If you're making a level one character, pick one feat from the heroic tier feats in the feats section. If your character is above level 1, check page 29 in the PHB to see how many feats you should have.
The workspaces and basic attack spots are meant for you to calculate your attack and damage bonuses so that you don't forget anything. I'll let someone else explain this because... I tend to overcomplicate things. I've noticed a lot of people ignore these spots on the sheet, but it really helps to have your attack and damage bonuses pre-calculated.
By "the second half" do you mean the second/back page of the character sheet? If so, and assuming you're using the official character sheet, the entire right-hand column is for role-play stuff. Basically, you can put notes on things like what your character looks like, how they act, their background, etc.
For powers, just list the powers you have. See Chapter 4 of the PHB for information on powers. At level one, from your class you should pick two level one at-will powers, one level one encounter power, and one level one daily power.
For equipment and coins, write down your equipment and coins. See chapter 7 of the PHB. You start with 100g. Pick up an adventurer's kit, and whatever weapon and armor is appropriate for your character. If you're making a caster, also get an appropriate implement for your class (see your class's section in the PHB).
*whew* I
think that's everything.