boooh I would have been sooo glad if DnD 6E used the Major/minor stats where
you have one Highest stat
and
you have a lowest stat
( which would give room for 30 Races )
like
Kobold ===> Highest Int /lowest Str
Halfling ===> Highest Dex / lowest Str
or the like ( boooh

)
Ability score penalties are generally unpopular. Even when the game only has racial bonuses and no racial penalties, many folks feel "punished" for not playing to type. Penalties are openly "you should not do X."
Part of the changes with 5e going from "races" to "ancestries" is stepping away from telling players what they are and aren't "supposed" to play. You want to play an orc wizard? Awesome, have at it. You want to be a kobold barbarian? Cool, show us what you can do. The designers are saying that they think it's better to embrace the variety that players might want, than it is to enforce archetypes on player characters.
I, personally, like the way 13th Age does racial stats. Every race has two possible options that can give +2, e.g. "Dragonic" characters can choose +2 Str or +2 Cha, while half-orc characters can choose +2 Str or +2 Dex. However, each
class also offers a choice between two (or, in rare cases, three) stat bonuses: Paladin is +2 Str or +2 Cha, Wizard is +2 Int or +2 Wis, Cleric is +2 Wis or +2 Str, etc. You cannot get the same bonus from both your class and your race. So a
Dragonborn Dragonic Paladin must take +2 Str and +2 Cha (as those are the options provided by both race and class), but a Dragonic Wizard can do +2 Str/+2 Int, +2 Str/+2 Wis, +2 Cha/+2 Int, or +2 Cha/+2 Wis. A half-orc Cleric can choose +2 Str/+2 Wis, +2 Str/+2 Dex, or +2 Wis/+2 Dex.
This way, every race still has an "identity" the way people ask for, but the rules support being a competent Wizard (etc.) regardless of your race. Every Wizard can be top-tier intelligence...but you also aren't
required to be if you really don't want to be.