Another vote for Space:1889. It does an excellent job of extrapolating a complete campaign world from the works of HG Wells and Jules Verne as well as the early pulp writers.
Also, almost every "classic" version of Traveller could qualify as "retro," since its modeled on a "1950's-60's" view of space opera.
Similarly, Paranoia could fit the bill as a comedic take on dystopian futures so popular in the 1970's (Logan's Run, WestWorld, FutureWorld). Don't forget, though, that dystopias had their conceptual foundations in texts like Orwell's 1984, Huxley's Brave New World, and even older fiction like Yevgeny Zamyatin's 1921 novel We or the classic sci-fi films, Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1926) and 1936's Shape of Things to Come. The latest version of Paranoia has alternate rules for running the game as a straight-up (i.e. non-spoof) RPG for such storylines.
Of course, a good generic game can pull of such a setting. HERO and Mutants & Masterminds would be my first 2 choices, but I know many would swear by (or "at") GURPS for this task as well.