Well, think about it in terms of the fundamental play pattern. What are the players trying to accomplish and how? I would assume trying to catch a fish by casting a line with a hook and bait. Can that fail? Absolutely. How? Well first of all, a fish might not bite. Does that have a meaningful consequence? Depends if there’s time pressure, cause if not they can always keep waiting for a bite until they get one, assuming there are actually fish in the water and their bait is actually attractive to those fish. If there is, maybe a roll at set time intervals (10 minutes?) to see if a fish bites, possibly modified by the bait used. Otherwise, how else might it fail? Well, they could fail to notice when they do get a bite. Does that have a meaningful consequence? Maybe; missing when a fish bites is at least an opportunity cost, so if there’s time pressure you might call for a Wisdom check when a fish does bite, and Perception proficiency would of course be applicable. We could consolidate that roll with the one to see if there’s a bite. So, once every 10 minutes you can make a Wisdom (Perception) check to see if you feel a bite, with advantage if you are using appropriate bait.
Once you’ve hooked a fish, can you fail to catch it? Sure, the fish might get loose from the hook, and depending on how big it is you might not have the strength to pull it in. This feels like a separate action, with separate stakes - you’re trying to bring your hooked fish in by using the mechanism of your fishing tools (I’m assuming a reel). So, that could be a Strength check - Acrobatics proficiency might apply, with the difficulty determined by the size of the fish, which you could determine randomly when a roll to hook the fish is successfully made. That might also be modified by the bait used.