I don't know if anyone's played Overwatch, but that's my immediate example of a video game that uses simple HP to great success. It's a game where you can get shot, and still move around at full capability, and nobody can try to claim that you didn't actually get hit, but it still feels like you're actually getting hurt. That level of abstraction isn't uncommon in video games.
I don't see why people can't apply that exact same level of disbelief to an RPG. It may not be perfectly realistic, but it's certainly close enough for our purposes.
Video games using HP goes back to at least the original Wolfenstein/Doom/Quake games.
The designers basically took the idea from D&D and said "good enough". Yeah, your avatar in Doom got more and more beat up but your capabilities never dropped. The basic concept is still widely used in most FPS video games.