Deontological ethics or
deontology (from
Greek δέον,
deon, "obligation, duty"; and -λογία,
-logia) is an approach to
ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of intentions or motives behind action such as respect for rights, duties, or principles, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions.
[1]
It is sometimes described as "duty" or "obligation" based ethics, because deontologists believe that ethical rules "bind you to your duty".
[2] The term 'deontological' was first used in this way in 1930, in
C. D. Broad's book,
Five Types of Ethical Theory.
[3]
Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted with
consequentialist or
teleological ethical theories, according to which the rightness of an action is determined by its consequences.
[4] However, there is a difference between deontological ethics and
moral absolutism.
[5] Deontologists who are also moral absolutists believe that some actions are wrong no matter what consequences follow from them.
Immanuel Kant, for example, famously argued that it is always wrong to lie – even if a murderer is asking for the location of a potential victim.
[6] Non-absolutist deontologists, such as W.D. Ross, hold that the consequences of an action such as lying may sometimes make lying the right thing to do. Kant's and Ross's theories are discussed in more detail below. Furthermore
Jonathan Baron and Mark Spranca use the term
Protected Values when referring to values governed by
deontological rules.