As for other terms, unfortunately we don't have a more generalized term in the English language that means the same thing as what 'race' is used for in D&D.
The problem with the word "race" is what this word means, and how it gets used.
1DD needs a term that means something different.
Note: I like Level Up's separation of race and culture into Heritage and Culture.
Yeah. As far as I can tell, the best solution for the gaming jargon is to separate the inborn traits from the cultural ways of doing things.
Of course, when describing the other cultures (and also when describing the inborn traits), it helps to try understand it and to characterize it from an insiders point of view, rather than whatever stereotypes from an outsiders point of view.
'Human' would probably be the best term if it didn't conflate with the specific species that it also refers to. Perhaps 'mortal'? Or 'mortal race', which may help distance it from real-world use of 'race'.
5e has the term Humanoid.
The helpful definition for this term is to describe characters that are comparable to the human species (
Homo sapiens) in both mind (freewill, learning and cultures) and body (two hands, two legs, or close enough).
So even tho Warforged is strictly unrelated to the human species − indeed the warforged species descends from a different kingdom of life unrelated to cellular organisms! − it still is comparable to a human.
but D&D seems to be(?) keeping those components together,
It seems to me, 5e and 1DD can cleanly distinguish between:
• Species (Human, Elf, Warforged, etcetera)
• Culture (Background and Class)
Like a "deck" comprising an assemblage of "cards", a Culture comprises an assemblage of Backgrounds.
Different D&D cultures "typically" offer different Backgrounds.