According to
In Faces of Evil: The Fiends, it does seem to be a trend that the more powerful fiends are certainly older.
Depending on race, there are various minimums of time at each stage/form. For example, a Gelgugon must serve flawlessly for 777 years before promotion to pit fiend. However since an Erinyes can be directly promoted to pit fiend, it does not mean that all pit fiends spent 777 years as a Gelgugon.
Yugoloths, on the other hand, have a surprisingly more rigid promotional heirarchy. They go in order from lowest form to highest without skipping any forms and spend "at least a few centuries and often a millenium" in each form.
So all in all, powerful fiends are older than dragons. Dretches, lemures, etc may well be younger...or they could be older and just never promoted.