Bad Paper said:
example: Medium humanoid using a Large shield? a Small shield? What sort of penalties are there? Does it matter if the shield is heavy or light?
A heavy shield is a one-handed weapon, so if you had a Large heavy shield (as a human), it would be considered a two-handed weapon and you'd need two hands to wield it effectively, taking a -2 penalty on attack rolls.
A light shield is a light weapon, so if you had a Small light shield, it would be unusable as a weapon.
As far as using it as a shield goes, there's nothing written; I could see a few ways you might elect to rule it in your game:
1. It doesn't matter. Whether it's Large, Medium, or Small, a heavy shield is a heavy shield. Potential problem - what if someone wants to use a Gargantuan shield? (This is closest to as-written, I believe.)
2. Consider a progression of buckler -> light shield -> heavy shield -> (tower shield). A Small light shield can be treated as a Medium buckler. A Large light shield can be treated as a Medium heavy shield. A Small buckler is unusable. A Large heavy shield is treated as a tower shield (if you include it in the progression), or unuseable (if you don't).
3. A light shield is a light shield, and a heavy shield is a heavy shield, regardless of size, but it is as hard to use a shield as a shield as it would be to wield the shield as a weapon; in other words, a Large heavy shield requires both hands to carry, since it would be considered a two-handed weapon; and a Small light shield is unuseable, since it could not be wielded. Problem - this doesn't cater for bucklers or tower shields, which can't be used as weapons anyway.
4. As 1 or 2, but in addition, an inappropriately-sized shield applies its armor check penalty regardless of shield proficiency. (This is pulled out of thin air, but serves to reflect in some respect the attack roll penalty inappropriately-sized weapons incur.)
What if there were armor spikes on the shield? Can you put Large spikes on a Medium shield?
Shield spikes don't have a size category; all they do is turn a shield into a spiked shield. So if you have a Medium heavy shield, and you add spikes, you end up with a Medium heavy spiked shield.
-Hyp.