Another oldie but goodie is Acquire. I’ve played older, simpler versions and the newer ones with additional play options. Both are good.
On economics, this is one that is excellent for it. It's a simpler game to learn, but has great depth in how it operates. It's a timeless classic (well, it's been around for a long time at least, not quite as long as Monopoly, but still over 50 years..actually I think over 60 years?? at this point).
It's not really a world wide type game though, more like city planning with corps and such, but it touches lightly on things such as stocks and how what others do can affect your economic standing.
any 18XX (this is a type of game, not what some here may be thinking in regards to dirty thoughts...it's 18XX such as in 1830, or 1856, or 1870, they are based on the age or Rail generally) game is great, but they are complicated and could be a little tough to teach and play in school.
These are great for teaching Economics in local regions (such as the Northeast US, Southeast US, Japan, Eastern Russia, etc).
There are other train games that do something similar (Power Grid is basically a type of train game, but it's more of a simplified crayon game than the Empire builder type of games [another train game type, but not really as focused on the economics of stocks and bonds and companies as others]. The BEST game in this area that I know of would be Age of Steam, but it also only covers regional areas and though less complex than the 18XX games, still may be more complex than students in class would be willing to learn and play. Steam (another game, variant of Age of Steam...long story and not the place to tell it) has a simpler version which is similar to Age of Steam, but not as complex.
Chicago Express is also a great game in that field, perhaps one of the simplest, and still has a stock and bonds and economic factor to it.
For something that is more on a world scale, but teaches about stocks, but also teaches about how evil it can be at times when involved with world politics and corporate greed you have Imperial or Imperial 2030. These combine diplomacy with stocks and weapons...where you buy into places and you make money off of war...but you don't necessarily want one side or the other to win as you may have money invested in both nations (or multiple nations), you just want to make a profit. These are pretty easy to teach in how they work, but once again, because you are not investing in a single nation or thing (which can be a hard thing to grasp from students), the one who makes the most money is rarely the one who is all in with one nation or area.