Not likely. It would take a lot of development, and what usually ends up happening is you end up with very little plot.
Darklands is probably the closest that what you're looking for, and that's an OLD game, and had it's own problems.
Now, if you're not afraid of modding, there are games out there that can get close to an adaptive story line, but you have to fill in the text for yourself. I know X3: Reunion is a space sim game, but you can mod it so that the races will start to war with each other, and take over other sectors. And since you can build your own fleet, you can influence it though your actions (or just take over space for yourself.