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Aquatic Tech Levels

They need to have some concept of DNA and the ability to observe it. The first part can occur earlier by far but what would they need to observe DNA?

They don't need a concept of DNA until very late, if at all. Selective breeding as an art was practiced for thousands of years before Gregor Mendel started turning it into a science.

When you couple that with the general weirdness of biology in aquatic critters- gender changing dependent upon age or environmental triggers (like certain wrasse) or the ability to incorporate specialized cells from creatures you eat into your own defenses (like nudibranches)- and intelligent aquatic beings have all kinds of intellectual stimuli.

This will drive them along paths of research that we wouldn't consider.

For instance, given what nudibranches can do, this civilization might selectively breed them to be able to do his trick with a wider variety of cell types- say, chromatophores instead of the stinging cells of anemones- and then the possibility of reversing the process making it possible to take those cells and incorporate them into other creatures.
 
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Another issue that seems to be overlooked is lighting. Unless they all have dark vision or echolocation, they will have trouble seeing if more than 50-100 meters below the surface. And if they can still see at depths of 100-150 meters then they would likely find the surface too bright to tolerate unless they only visit during the night. And that does not even take into account the blue-shifting of the light, as red is quickly absorbed in water and yellow follows not long after. Or the fact that lighting can vary notably by latitude, sediment level, etc.

Then there is water quality to consider. Most salt water sea life, if placed in a fresh water river, will not survive very long - and vice versa. There are some fish species that can live in either, of course, but most have trouble with the transition.

Finally, consider the depths involved. Most sea creatures have specific depths they inhabit. Some are incredible divers, of course, but most have specific ranges of water pressure and salinity in which they flourish. Californian sea lions, for example, typically dive to between 30 and 100 meters, even if they are capable of diving as deep as 200 to 300 meters.

So if you want an aquatic species developing neolithic and higher tech, you may want to consider where they are located. The tropics are best for higher depth corals, while volcanic archipelagos such as Hawaii are best for higher depth lava sources. Tropical waters are typically clearer than chillier waters, and locations with low sedimentation are better for water clarity while also being less fertile for local plant life (and therefore animal life). Seaweed can exist as both plains and even kelp forests, the latter of which is more commonly found in temperate environs but can be found in both tropics and arctic areas.

As for biotech, so long as the sea folk are long lived there are many possibilities. Coral might be guided as it grows to form specific shapes. Plankton and other microorganisms might be isolated in translucent semi-permeable bladders to produce light or ink or various substances. Fish and mollusks can be used as sources of venoms, inks, silks, muscuses and slimes, chitin, shell, and so forth.
 

Well the difficulty is is that I want this to be specific enough to have tech level/equipment lists but general enough to cover different planets. I can't have it set up around a specific species or set of species. I am trying to generalize enough so that I can say that this aquatic alien species is at this tech level but has these additional tools outside of the normal tech path because of unusual local flora and fauna. Different species may reach each tech level at different speeds dependent on what kinds of social and physical pressures and general intelligence they have.

I want to eventually generate something like I have here:
Nexus Tech Levels - Nexus D20 Wiki
 

Another issue that seems to be overlooked is lighting.

Solutions include

1) big eyes, with a different ratio of cones and rods than ours

2) echolocation

3) bioluminescence, either of their own or from collected flora/fauna sources

4) locating their "labs" near the surface
 

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