Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by
Emperor Nero as mentioned by
Pliny the Elder.<a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a>
The use of a
convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in
Ptolemy's
Optics (which survives only in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by
Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by
Alhazen (
Book of Optics, c. 1021).
Latin translations of Ptolemy's
Optics and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the development of "
reading stones".
There are claims that single lens magnifying glasses were being used in China during the
Northern Song dynasty (960–1127).<a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a><a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a>
Robert Grosseteste's treatise
De iride (
On the Rainbow), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances".<a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a> A few years later in 1262,
Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses.<a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a><a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a> The development of the first eyeglasses took place in northern
Italy in the second half of the 13th century.<a href="
Glasses - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a>