Oh, about as often as you see druids, bards, and shaolin monks in the same setting as knights in heavy armor.
No, they don't all go together. Neither do the classes they did give us. But they're fairly general fantasy archetypes, certainly as common as street thugs and warrior priests. It's not a case of needing an infinite palette of archetypes to cover all of fantasy: you need, roughly, a dozen, if drawn broadly, a score if narrower, IMHO [Arcana Unearthed, frex, comes close to managing it in 11 classes].
D&D3E has chosen to support the built-up D&D genre, rather than a broader high-fantasy and/or sword-n-sorcery genre, and this has tailored the classes chosen, separating some fairly close archetypes into separate classes, enshrining some rather uncommon archetypes into the core classes, and completely missing some other common archetypes. There's a whole spread of thieves and con artists that the new system, with its division of class abilities, feats, and skills, could've been set up to handle, but isn't: the cat burglar who's point of pride is stealth and would never use violence; the non-magical, non-fighting con artist; the court manipulator/power-behind-the-throne. I'll let the BAB/hp thing slide--such is the nature of D&D. But simply replacing a rogue's sneak attack with a shot at a special ability list (which included sneak attack), frex, would address many of the missing archetypes. Some tweaks to the bard class could set it up to handle a bunch of "missing roles", too, while still covering the roles it currently does (or at least covering them with an easy multiclass combination).