If you post a few more examples, perhaps we can post how we, as DMs, might answer those questions...
At my table, it matters who's asking, and under what circumstances.
If the PC walks into an inn, and is chatting casually about monsters, and the player wants to know "What does my PC know about golems?", that's one scenario. Maybe a few random facts such as posted previously. "Golems are magical constructs, and they're often big, strong and tough. There are different varieties, made out of different materials."
If the same PC walks into the same inn, and the bartender is a golem, and the player asks the exact same question - then in this scenario, the PC might connect *things the PC already knows* with *their ongoing observations*.
If the PC makes an a Arcana check, then I'd tell him that golems are magical constructs, and are often found doing whatever their creator directed them to do. If the player says that the PC examines the golem's actions closely, then I'd invite them to try an Insight check, and if it succeeds, then I might point out which of the golem's motions seem repetitive and scripted, and which motions look more like on-the-fly autonomous intelligence, and thus, that's a clue about what the original spell set in motion, versus the golem's most recent instructions, versus the chance that it's maybe developing its own agenda. If the PC is a dwarf with Stonecunning, I might ask for that check (History), and if it succeeds, then I might point out that the golem is made out of a kind of stone which isn't found within thousands of miles of the golem's current location, and was used to make statues in ancient Rashem. (If the check fails, then the player got a free clue that History is somehow relevant.)
If the player approaches the bar, and the bartender says "We don't serve your kind here", and the player says "Okay, I look around the bar to survey the other customers", another successful check might give the PC (and the player) a clue that all the other customers are actually constructs of various sorts...
At my table, it matters who's asking, and under what circumstances.
If the PC walks into an inn, and is chatting casually about monsters, and the player wants to know "What does my PC know about golems?", that's one scenario. Maybe a few random facts such as posted previously. "Golems are magical constructs, and they're often big, strong and tough. There are different varieties, made out of different materials."
If the same PC walks into the same inn, and the bartender is a golem, and the player asks the exact same question - then in this scenario, the PC might connect *things the PC already knows* with *their ongoing observations*.
If the PC makes an a Arcana check, then I'd tell him that golems are magical constructs, and are often found doing whatever their creator directed them to do. If the player says that the PC examines the golem's actions closely, then I'd invite them to try an Insight check, and if it succeeds, then I might point out which of the golem's motions seem repetitive and scripted, and which motions look more like on-the-fly autonomous intelligence, and thus, that's a clue about what the original spell set in motion, versus the golem's most recent instructions, versus the chance that it's maybe developing its own agenda. If the PC is a dwarf with Stonecunning, I might ask for that check (History), and if it succeeds, then I might point out that the golem is made out of a kind of stone which isn't found within thousands of miles of the golem's current location, and was used to make statues in ancient Rashem. (If the check fails, then the player got a free clue that History is somehow relevant.)
If the player approaches the bar, and the bartender says "We don't serve your kind here", and the player says "Okay, I look around the bar to survey the other customers", another successful check might give the PC (and the player) a clue that all the other customers are actually constructs of various sorts...