Chaosmancer
Legend
Doesn't have much to do with the current discussion, as we all know that the Attack action is not the same as the Cast a Spell action.
Specific beats general. The general rule is that you can't take the Cast a Spell action from the Hasted action, but the Hasted action allows you to Attack. The BS's EA lets you replace an attack with a cantrip as part of the Attack action, so the combo works. The key fits the whole.
I don't believe they designed the Bladesinger's Extra Attack feature specifically to allow this combo, but as they currently have said nothing on the matter, there isn't any sign that they do not want this combination to be viable.
Let me ask you a question. A Bladesinger is hit by the slow spell, meaning they can only take a single action, and only a single attack with that action.
They use Booming Blade.
Did they take the attack action or cast a spell? Can you even tell?
I can see how one would interpret it that way, but I disagree with it. The "one weapon attack only" is meant to block Extra Attack, Thirsting Blade, and Multiattack from granting multiple attacks as that same action. There are two different readings of the meaning of the word "only" in that context:
The reason I think that 1 is the intended usage is that it is very obvious that the intention of the writing was to block there from being multiple attacks in one round, not to block this combination, as this combination was literally impossible until TCoE, and due to the fact that the game designers currently seem unaware that this combo is possible, it is also safe to say that they didn't write that rule intending that a combo like this one would be impossible. If WotC isn't aware of combos they just created, they wouldn't be able to predict this combo 6 years ago.
- It refers to the quantity of the attacks, meaning that the number of the attacks that can be granted by that action is limited to one.
- It refers to the quality of the attack, meaning that the attack you make has to be a melee weapon attack and only a melee weapon attack, with nothing else on top of it.
Additionally, if you went with ruling number 2, then any feature that allows a character to add an effect onto the attack after attacking would be blocked by this interpretation (such as Stunning Strike, Divine Smite, or any other effect not a part of the melee weapon attack).
Another reason why the meaning of the word "only" is clearly the first meaning is due to the fact that if you chose that meaning, RAW, a level 20 Fighter with Haste cast on them could make 4 attacks as part of the Hasted action, as long as they were just melee weapon attacks and no additional effects. That is obviously not the intention, so it is clear that the first meaning of the word "only" in this context denotes the quantity of the attacks, not the quality.
If the quality isn't the thing that matters, then as long as the Attack action is made to do a melee weapon attack once, all other effects that are additional to the base melee weapon attack would be legal for use on this attack (Booming Blade, Divine Smite, Stunning Strike, etc).
Okay, but you miss that there is a fundamental difference between the Bladesingers ability and a Divine Smite.
The Bladesinger's ability is part of them making two attacks. It is literally tied into their Extra Attack Feature. Reread the feature "You can attack twice, instead of once, whenever you take the Attack action on your turn. Moreover, you can cast one of your cantrips in place of one of those attacks."
It is clearly and explicitly meant to be part of using your extra attack to make two attacks, then replacing one of those two attacks with a cantrip.
Divine Smite is different. It states "when you hit a creature with a melee weapon attack, "
Did you hit them with an attack? Yes? You can do this. Did you hit them with a second attack? Doesn't matter, because the number of attacks doesn't matter. If you broke all reason in the game and made 500 attacks, you could divine smite for as many as you had spell slots for. Because the Divine Smite ability only cares about hitting with a melee weapon attack.
Do you have Holy Weapon up? You get to add that to any attack you make with the weapon. Is the weapon a flametongue? You get to add those dice to any attack you make with that weapon.
But, again, the Bladesinger's ability is that when they take the Extra Attack action, and they make two attacks, they can turn one of those attacks into a cantrip. It doesn't say "Whenever you make a melee weapon attack, you can cast a cantrip instead of making the melee weapon attack." It says when you would use Extra Attack, you can turn one of those two attacks into a cantrip.
By your reading a Dual-Wielding Blade Singer could cast Booming Blade as a bonus action, by replacing the dual-wielding attack with a cantrip. And that is not the intent of the ability, or what it says you can do.