As others have said, there is no definitive answer. I'll add that as a DM, your ruling is correct when it comes to things like this. Just try to be consistent and logical, and remember that when the player's use your rulings against you (which they will inevitably do) that it's your own fault.
Having said all of that, there is a difference in wording for some spells. Fireball for example states that it's a "20-foot-radius sphere centered on that point". So pretty obvious it's a ball. Of fire.
Spike growth states it's area is "The ground in a 20-foot radius centered on a point".
I would personally rule it like you did - that the wall of a cliff is effectively ground. Why? Because it's the simplest ruling. Imagine you cast the spell at the bottom of a gentle slope. Do the spikes go up the slope? I can't imagine why they would not. But increase the slope gradually until it becomes a "cliff". At what angle do the spikes cease to grow?
Of course the person using the spikes to climb would still take damage, and move at half speed (or half of half if they don't have a climb speed).
Having said all of that, there is a difference in wording for some spells. Fireball for example states that it's a "20-foot-radius sphere centered on that point". So pretty obvious it's a ball. Of fire.
Spike growth states it's area is "The ground in a 20-foot radius centered on a point".
I would personally rule it like you did - that the wall of a cliff is effectively ground. Why? Because it's the simplest ruling. Imagine you cast the spell at the bottom of a gentle slope. Do the spikes go up the slope? I can't imagine why they would not. But increase the slope gradually until it becomes a "cliff". At what angle do the spikes cease to grow?
Of course the person using the spikes to climb would still take damage, and move at half speed (or half of half if they don't have a climb speed).