Steveroo: Are you Michael Martinez in disguise? If so, here we go again...
"Nowhere does Aragorn lay hands on anyone, nor do they ever glow, etc."
Err... what does glowing have to do with anything? Certainly I've never heard of 'glowing' as being associated with the tradiation of 'laying on of hands', either in its early church, medieval, or modern charismatic movement form. Aragorn's hands are by virtue of his being king 'healing hands'. This is repeated throughout the LotR and referred to directly. We are not just talking about healing skill, but the particular virtue of being able to lay on hands as a legitimate (divine right) king. If you don't understand that, then there is no point in discussing anything with you until you go out and actually read some medieval history books and not RPG tomes.
"Spells? Not even Gandalf actually casts spells, in LotR. We can argue over that, but you never see him waving his hands, or material components. Might want to remove spells..."
Err... man you are so messed up. Please go reread the books. They are clearly not fresh in your mind. Not only does Gandalf cast spells, he actually explicitly says in many point that he is casting a spell. Gandalf does occassionly employ gestures when doing so and use various words of power. If we wanted to stretch the point (which we don't need to) we could even suggest that pine cones, staffs, and fireworks constitute material components. Moreoever, whether or not Gandalf's spells satisfy the D&D definition of 'a spell' by no means determines whether or not they are spells, because the good professor wasn't writting a D20 game. If the text says that they are spells (which it does), then internally to the logic of the good professor's universe - they are spells and 'components' have nothing to do with it.
And while we don't explicitly see Aragorn working 'magic' (by D&D definitions, leaving aside the three page discussion of 'magic' in Middle Earth), there are certainly instances of Aragorn working things that from a D20 perspective appear to be spells. For instance.
"He sat down on the ground, and taking the dagger-hilt laid it on his knees, and he sang over it a slow song in a strange tongue. Then setting it aside, he turned to Frodo and in a soft tone spoek words the others could not catch. From the pouch at his belt he drew out the long leaves of a plant."
Now, in ME terms, that isn't a 'spell' (I don't want to get into what it is unless I have to), but in D20 terms it certainly looks like a spell and would be easiest to interpret as a spell if we were making a game system.
And later, "He threw the leaves into boiling water and bathed Frodo's shoulder. The fragrance of the steam was refreshing and those that were unhurt felt their minds calmed and cleared. The herb had also some power over the wound..."
Note that while this is Herbalism, there is the mention of contact with Aragorn's hands intimately, he bathes Frodo. This will occur repeatedly and more explicitly as Aragorn's kingship is stressed.
A little later Glorfindel will heal Frodo with only a touch, no spellcraft involved, proving that such a thing is possible if not that Aragorn does it. However, as we will see, there is no reason to doubt that he does.
He searched the wound on Frodo's shoulder with his finders, and his face grew graver, as if what he learned disquited him. But Frodo felt the chill lessen in his side and arm; a little warmth crept down from his shoulder to his hand, and the pain grew easier...
In the most critical passage involving Aragorn's character it is all about his ability to heal.
"Alas! if he should die. Would that there were kings in Gondor, as there were once upon a time, they say! For it is said in old lore: The hands of the king are the hands of a healer. And so the rightful king could ever be known."
Now, I grant that perhaps the Kings of Gondor were trained as healers (though this seems to be a stretch), but Tolkien is here through Ioreth (I do so adore the character of Ioreth!) refering to something any medieval peasant would understand - that rightful kings can lay on hands to cure disease and heal wounds. Where do you think the notion that a 'Paladin' should have such abilities comes from anyway! Note that not only is the king a healer, but that he is a healer by right of being king - presumably (and certainly the presumption of Ioreth and the medievals) quite apart from receiving any instruction as a healer.
And again, even before he recieve Athelas, Aragorn lays hands upon Faramir:
"Now Aragorn knelt beside Faramir, and held a hand upon his brow. And those that watched felt that some great struggle was going on..."
And after recieving the Athelas, before applying it he remarks:
"But Aragorn smile. 'It will serve,' he said. 'The worst is now over. Stay and be comforted!'"
By which he implies that the healing has already taken place with neither herb nor spell craft involved. So the Athelas certainly aids him, but it _is not essential_.
As to what the 'rangers' really are, or how they inheret the title I'm not entirely sure. The definition of ranger is 'One who roams a large area of land enforcing the law.' Thus, when Tolkien named them 'ranger' he was I'm sure thinking enherently lawful wanderers. If we consider closely who these rangers are and where they are found, the best guess as to thier origin is that they are the descendents of the household knights of the original rulers of Arnor and Ithlien. If so, then we can conclude that ranger is a term applied specifically to nobility of the line of the Numenoreans who have been displaced from thier rightful lands by evil forces who still remember and practice the old laws and customs of Numenor. Tolkien 'rangers' have more in common with 'Texas Rangers' (in the since of law keeper) and 'Army Rangers' (in the since of a member of an armed forces specializing in non-tradiational warfare) and 'Shire Reeves' (in the since of lawkeepers appointed by the king) than they do with D&D rangers.