One roll resolution? that's a hard barrier. more than 95% of the games I've read use damage rolls.
Two come immediately to mind: Rolemaster, but it really isn't. MegaTraveller. After a bit of mental juggling...
Year Zero comes to mind
MegaTraveller, see below. Why Rolemaster isn't a 1-roll? Because most hits do crits. Which are a separate table roll.
Year Zero System, provided no defense is taken, is one roll; successes over target in Alien, Coriolis, and a T2K determine damage before armor, and armor reduces that. Note that Vaesen combat is different, and Tales from the loop is a simple opposed roll.
Which brings me to thinking Cortex Plus: one opposed roll to hit, and one unkept die becomes the damage; in Firefly, you have to spend a Plot Point to avoid going out of action on 1st hit, and then get the damage condition based upon the unkept die with the most sides.
In MHRP, the damage step is automatic.
And then, to FATE. Success level determines damage points, at certain points, you convert stress to damage.
Traveller uses armor as DR, or soak score when determining damage. You can also take actions to raise the target number of the roll. For example, if a player take cover it makes the target higher, or if they decide to dodge it also changes the target number. So, it remains a single roll but each character can do things to improve either hitting or dodging attacks in a game round.
Varies by edition. And since all are available in PDF except for Liftoff...
Classic was/is deflection.
Mega was damage multiplier by penetration vs armor rating...
TNE is damage reduction in two modes (one for character scale, one for vehicles; same as T2K 2.x/DC)
GT is both deflection and DR, as it's mechanically GURPS.
HT is (as is typical for Hero) damage reduction (PD/ED) (but not the Hero System DR - which is a multiplier)
T4 is damage reduction.
I can't make sense of T5 to tell.
Mongoose is damage reduction.
Of those, MegaTraveller's the only "one roll" resolution... during combat.
The quality of the shot multiplies the base damage by ×1/2, ×1, ×2, ×4, or ×8.
The comparison of Penetration to AV provides a second multiplier: ×0, ×1/10, ×1/2, ×1
After combat, for characters who matter, the damage points resolve into dice of damage to attributes.
Mongoose uses 2 rolls: a to-hit, and a damage roll, with armor reducing the damage roll. damage is done to attributes, and is immediately applied, one die at a time.
Most of the older games (CT 1e/2e, MegaTraveller, and T4) are two roll: one to hit, one to damage.
Traveller: The New Era, however, some result checks, too.