It kind of feels as though perhaps you have too many pieces going on here to the point where some things have become more than redundant. For instance the Interstitial planes all seem alike
Other than connecting to all the mortal planes, and then to the upper and lower planes in various ways, I don't see how they are all alike. The bright and spartan Plane of Mirrors, constructed out of reflections of the mortal worlds with mirrors; the dark and gloomy Plane of Shadows that connects to all the shadowy places; the Astral plane where physical matter is accelerated to the point where teleportation spells use it to achieve instantaneous travel and those who astral project into it can create materal bodies in other planes via the Color Pools. The Ethereal Plane, where ghosts and other incorporeal creatures dwell, a plane that you can observe without traveling there by using See Invisibility.
The interstitial planes are the connective tissue of the multiverse. Does your body need only a single type of connective tissue? They keep the other planes separated, yet allow travel between them using a variety of different methods.
Aside from all that, each of these planes existed in previous editions of D&D and are potential sources of plot points and interesting places for the PC's to explore . I don't see any reason to limit myself to just one.
... and, perhaps more troublingly, the idea that each of them connects all the mortal planes but since you included the elemental planes in that, it makes me wonder why there needs to be multiple ways of connecting all of them... Also, I have a bit of trouble conceptualizing how exactly you could have a plane that specifically connects all the other planes.
Why do we need multiple ways of traveling through our own world? I mean, we have walking, riding, cars, boats, trains, airplanes. Not to mention rivers, tunnels, cave systems, oceans, and roads. Basically, it allows for a "realistic" amount of fantastic travel methods in a fantasy settings. And as for conceptualizing how a plane can connect to all other planes...it's magic. Or N-dimensional mathematics. Take your pick.
There are quite literally, an infinite number of inhabitable worlds in this cosmology, existing in an infinite number of mortal realms of various sizes. Some of the mortal realms only hold a single planet (or even a single element - such as an Elemental Plane of Air), while others contain billions of galaxies.Also, it makes me wonder about how it might work if you have multiple inhabitable worlds in a single universe, which it kind of seems like it should be a possibility. Do these connections only appear on a single world and if you live on a different world in the same universe you can't reach anywhere?
Maybe it is arguably more sci-fi, but I am thinking... even in a fantasy setting, isn't it possible on one world you can look up at the moon and see signs that people are living up there even though you can only see what is happening on a macroscale... or have legends that the blue "wandering star" in the sky apparently has people on it, and either way-- you can only get there by using magical doorways... Nevermind just how big a single world can be.
If there are people living on the moon, or even a nearby planet, then yes, it would be possible to see signs of them if you have the means of doing so via technology (telescopes) or magic (clairvoyance, auguries, etc.). Whether or not there are any inhabited planets near enough to see is up to the DM and the particular realm the campaign is set in. This is a cosmology - it comprises billions of universes in a single multiverse. Some of those universes are exactly like ours (well, ours with the added possibility of being visited by dimension hopping D&D adventurers).
Not sure I understand your question. They work exactly as I described them. You can travel between various planes, or even various points on the same plane, using the interstitial planes. So you could use the Astral plane to travel to the High Heavens, to another mortal realm, or to another location on the same planet or to a different planet in the same realm (if the realm is one with multiple planets and/or stars).So if you consider that the interstitial plane might be as necessary if not more necessary for connecting various parts of the same universe (in my example, the same system of the same star), how does that fit into this picture?
Usually you don't travel to another planet in the same realm on accident. It's a long way, and generally it's much easier to use a well known path to nearby location or a nearby plane. Why would it be easier to travel to another plane of existence than to another planet in the same universe? Because this is a fantasy setting.

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