Clerics are usually referred to as priests or as members of their respective orders. This isn't absolute, though.
Anyone can be referred to as a warrior.
Paladins are sometimes referred to as paladins, though a militant cleric might be referred to as paladin as well.
Anyone can be referred to as a rogue.
The terms wizard, sorcerer, and mage are interchangeable.
Monk can refer to anyone of a monastic order, whether monk class or not.
Druids are often referred to as such.
Anyone can be referred to as a bard, but conversely, most bards are referred to as bards.
The terms fighter and ranger are pretty much never used in any such context.
Anyone can be referred to as a barbarian. Most barbarians would probably be referred to as warriors.