Spanish Inquisitions have the following special ability:
Unexpected: All potential observers are treated as distracted for purposes of the hiding rules when the Spanish Inquisition is present.
All of these stealth questions recently point to the vagueness of the rules, but this interpretation, which can be supported as one of the interpretations of the rules, works really well:
To enter hiding or remain hidden, you need one of the following to be true:
- Total Cover (TC).
- Highly Obscured (HO).
- Partial Cover and not currently observed (if you enter partial cover from TC or HO while hidden, hide is not lost).
- Lightly Obscured and not currently observed (if you enter light obscurement when hidden, you do not lose hidden, either).
- Lightfoot Halfling hiding behind a medium or larger creature, even when observed.
- Wood elf hiding when lightly obscured by foliage, heavy rain, falling snow, mist, and other natural phenomena, even when observed.
- Entity with the sulker feat hiding in any light obscurement (I allow partial cover as well), even when observed.
- DM permission.
Hidden ends if you make noise intentionally or make an attack (exceptions apply, but I will not list them here).
When you attempt to hide and have one of the above requirements met, you roll dexterity (stealth). You compare this stealth to the current passive perception of potential observers to determine if they know your location or if you're hidden. If they take an action to use their perception, they get a chance to improve upon their passive with a roll higher than 10. If an entity is not using their action to do something else, assume they are using it on perception.
If a creature has their passive perception drop beneath your stealth roll while you are hidden, they lose track of you, just as they find you if their passive perception increases above your stealth roll.
When determining passive perception, I grant the following advantages (+5 to passive perception) and disadvantages (-5 to passive perception) [This is not an exhaustive list]:
- Disadvantage - Sleeping.
- Disadvantage - Focused attention on something specific (other than the hider).
- Disadvantage - Sunlight sensitivity (in sunlight or equivalent).
- Disadvantage - Distracting spells (Enthrall, Meld into Stone, Storm Sphere, Staggering Smite, Hex, Heat Metal)
- Disadvantage - Magic Item assistance (Cloak of Elvenkind)
- Advantage - Any abilities that specify advantage that applies like keen senses (hearing, smell, sight)
- Advantage - Blindsight (this is a judgment call usually based upon the method and reasons)
- Advantage - Focusing spells (Hunter's Mark, Foresight, Enhance Ability (Wisdom))
- Advantage - Focusing magic items (Eyes of the Eagle, Sentinel's Shield, Robe of Eyes, Knave's Eye Patch)
- Advantage - The hider has left the source of their concealment/obscurement and the DM allows them to continue being hidden, and the potential viewer is not distracted.
When someone is hidden, and they leave their obscurement/concealment to make an attack, I determine if each potential viewer is alert, distracted or neither.
If alert, they automatically see the target when they lose concealment and obscurement. This does not apply if they are hidden and transition to light obscurement or partial cover - only if they lose all cover.
If distracted (focusing their attention on something else), their passive perception governs as normal.
If neither distracted nor alert (attention not focused on something else, but not trying to be perceptive either), then I give advantage for passive perception to spot them.