Imaro
Legend
Hmm... this is interesting, so it's not that D&D doesn't handle exploration... it's that it doesn't handle it in the way (structured gamification of the process) that you prefer. Okay putting that aside for the moment let's see what 5e does actually address...I also don't think D&D spellcasting is handled better than other RPGs... but most of them -are- combat-focused was the general thrust.
As for what D&D doesn't cover: Exploration-focused gameplay. Gameification of travel. Things of that nature.
Most of D&D travel is just presented as "Roll on a series of tables and describe the results and then run specific (usually combat) encounters based on the tables". Exploration isn't the game, it's just the place where the game tends to happen. It's got rules for getting lost, which is a nice start, but there's not a lot of stuff about what to do when you -are- lost except roll a fresh check to see if you -stay- lost. Unless you've got a Ranger in the party, in which case you never roll to get lost in the first place.
Don't get me wrong, random combat encounters are absolutely a core part of travel in a high fantasy setting. But most encounters are going to amount to "Here is monster, here is environment, here is current weather. Kill pls. You gain an XP!" A DM making a dungeon for exploration certainly has the option to put in skill challenges, but the direct result of many of them (Traps, pits, other physical obstacles) is still going to be lost hit points, lost spell slots, lost gear, and slightly less effectiveness for your next combat encounter because that's what the actual gameplay is mostly focused on. There's no game elements specifically -about- exploring in D&D.
Meanwhile LevelUp, for example, gameifies travel through the Journey System. It creates a separate resource-pool that the party relies on, spends, and replenishes during travel. It gives combat and non-combat encounters a way to interact with that resource pool that doesn't have to involve combat-effectiveness. It also adds a wealth of interesting activities to pursue while journeying that are specific to the journey in an interesting way. Like Befriending an animal as you travel through a region and getting an "Early Warning System" for danger out of it.
Bunch of worms infested the ship's stores? Best get to clearing them out and check the supplies to find out how bad it hit our "Travel Hit Points" and how much time we're now going to have to devote to replenishing our stocks during the journey. Storm struck? We'd best avoid the shoals and head to deeper water to avoid getting shipwrecked, adding to travel times.
It even adds an Exploration-System element to combat encounters, because those supplies are essential. Bandits attack you and the party on the road? They might not all try to fight or die when a few of them can sneak out of the woods to steal some of your supplies and run away.
Ultimately, of course, the system comes down to Fatigue, in the end, which plays into combat as the penalty for hitting 0 before a long rest... But it adds -so much- before it gets to that point that I can't even be mad at it.
I'm hoping there's similar social gameification coming... though I wrote up a Journey System alternative to gameify the gaining of wealth/prestige as a character in an urban campaign, because one doesn't exist, yet, and the Journey System is pretty adaptable to that purpose.
Gear for exploration
Overland Movement
Special Movement Types (including climbing, jumping, swimming & crawling)
Stealth while traveling
Noticing Threats (and the effect of movement on it)
Navigating
Tracking
Foraging
Falling
Suffocating
Vision and Light (including special types of vision)
Food (how much needed per day and consequences for not eating enough)
Water (how much needed per day and consequences for not drinking enough)
Damaging Objects
Social Interaction (Including NPC attitudes and how to change them)
Resting
Damage Types
Healing
Environmental Effects of the various Planes
Random Encounters (With advice they are not all combat based)
Hirelings
Dungeon Features (Doors & Hazards)
Travelling with a Montage Approach
Travelling with an Hour by Hour approach
Wilderness Features (Monuments, Ruins, Settlements, Strongholds & Weird Locales)
Wilderness Survival (Weather, Terrain)
Becoming Lost
Unusual Environments (UnderWater & The Sea)
Traps
A section on running Explorations
Honestly this is a pretty comprehensive list and is just from the core rulebooks. I get you may have a preference for codification but what is actually lacking here?
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