Well, all languages in the PHB.
Then there's the Zakharan languages...
Midani (Common)
Akotan – language of slave-trading Akota to the west
Aquan / Auran / Ignan / Terran / Jannti (which are mostly mutually intelligible dialects of Primordial)
Imaskari – language of the Endless Wastes / Hordelands
Shang Chou – language of Kara-Tur
Thorass – language of the Sword Coast / mainstream Forgotten Realms, the "common" tongue of pseudo-medieval European D&D
Yikari – language of the yakfolk
Then there's the lost languages...
Affa – used on Isle of the Elephant
Burnt Tongue – once used by "burnt elves" of Pearl Cities
Chun – once used in Haunted Lands
Kadari – once used in Ruined Kingdoms
Noga – once used in Ruined Kingdoms
EDIT: Don't have a list of Arabian musical instruments handy. You'll need to do some research on your own.