Agent O, I'm not sure how tongue in cheek that was, but, y'know, I'd actually buy that supplement. That's a really, really cool idea.
Don't limit casters, just limit spell selection.
No raise dead before 1 BC. (Well, that's a bit iffy since the greeks had lots of them too, but...)
Control water would be a fairly old spell.
Shapechange, OTOH, and polymorphs as well could be pretty recent as the idea of families of animals is a fairly new one. (ok, pulling stuff out of my butt.)
Wall of iron is definitely a moderately recent spell.
You could bring in the idea of contacting other planes to control the energies is pretty recent. Fireball, for example, is a very controllable and modern seeming spell. It doesn't exactly occur in nature. Call lightning might be old, but, fireball is recent.
Ooo, while my brain is wandering, you could divide things up that way - divine magic, because it's gifted from the gods, is likely older. But, depending on the style of worship, some spells might be more recent than others. Sure, magic stone is very old, but implosion is very new.
Hrm... This could take some work. But, definitely a very, very cool idea. After all, we have periods for equipment, why not periods for spells as well?